Table 2.
Metabolomics analysis (Metabolon Inc.) of Epi adipose tissues obtained from 6 weeks old WT and Fst-Tg mice showing relative differences in various metabolites involved in the regulation of key metabolic pathways (n=3).
| Super pathway | Sub pathway | Biochemical name | Platform | Fst-Tg vs WT-Epi (fold; P-value) |
Mass |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amino acids | Alanine and aspartate metabolism | Asparagine | LC/MS pos | 0.62 (P=0.03) | 133.1 |
| Glutamate metabolism | Glutamate gamma-methyl ester | LC/MS pos | 0.68 (P=0.03) | 162.1 | |
| Tyrosine metabolism | Tyrosine | LC/MS pos | 0.48 (P=0.04) | 182.1 | |
| Tryptophan metabolism | C-glycosyltryptophan | LC/MS pos | 0.64 (P=0.01) | 367.1 | |
| 3-indoxyl sulfate | LC/MS pos | 0.27 (P=0.02) | 212 | ||
| Valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism | Isoleucine | LC/MS pos | 0.47 (P=0.04) | 132.1 | |
| 3-hydroxyisobutyrate | GC/MS | 0.61 (P=0.01) | 177.11 | ||
| Isobutyl carnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.36 (P=0.02) | 232.2 | ||
| Isovalerylcarnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.21 (P=0.01) | 246.2 | ||
| Hydroxyisovaleroyl carnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.56 (P=0.002) | 262.1 | ||
| Cysteine, methionine, SAM, and taurine metabolism | Hypotaurine | GC/MS | 0.35 (P=0.04) | 188 | |
| Methionine | LC/MS pos | 0.55 (P=0.01) | 150.1 | ||
| N-acetyl methionine | LC/MS neg | 0.47 (P=0.02) | 190.1 | ||
| Urea cycle; arginine, and proline metabolism | Arginine | LC/MS pos | 0.73 (P=0.01) | 175.2 | |
| Ornithine | GC/MS | 0.41 (P=0.04) | 141.9 | ||
| Proline | LC/MS pos | 0.64 (P=0.01) | 116.1 | ||
| Citrulline | LC/MS pos | 0.6 (P=0.01) | 176.1 | ||
| Trans-4-hydroxyproline | GC/MS | 0.35 (P=0.02) | 140 | ||
| Carbohydrate | Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism | Maltose | GC/MS | 0.21 (P=0.04) | 204.1 |
| Mannose-6-phosphate | GC/MS | 0.32 (P=0.02) | 387.2 | ||
| Glucose-6-phosphate (g6P) | GC/MS | 0.29 (P=0.001) | 387.2 | ||
| Fructose-6-phosphate | GC/MS | 0.25 (P=0.01) | 315.1 | ||
| Lactate | GC/MS | 0.45 (P=0.03) | 116.9 | ||
| Energy | Krebs cycle | Citrate | GC/MS | 0.57 (P=0.03) | 273.1 |
| Succinylcarnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.44 (P=0.001) | 262.1 | ||
| Fumarate | GC/MS | 0.68 (P=0.04) | 245 | ||
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Phosphate | GC/MS | 0.46 (P=0.02) | 298.9 | |
| Medium chain fatty acid | Caproate (6:0) | LC/MS neg | 0.56 (P=0.03) | 115.2 | |
| Caprate (10:0) | LC/MS neg | 0.26 (P=0.008) | 171.2 | ||
| Laurate (12:0) | LC/MS neg | 0.24 (P=0.03) | 199.3 | ||
| Long chain fatty acid | Myristate (14:0) | LC/MS neg | 0.52 (P=0.04) | 227.3 | |
| Myristoleate (14:1n5) | LC/MS neg | 0.4 (P=0.0002) | 225.3 | ||
| Arachidonate (20:4n6) | LC/MS neg | 0.75 (P=0.03) | 303.4 | ||
| Fatty acid metabolism (also BCAA metabolism) | Propionylcarnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.65 (P=0.02)) | 218.2 | |
| Butyrylcarnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.29 (P=0.01) | 232.2 | ||
| Carnitine metabolism | Carnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.47 (P=0.02) | 162.2 | |
| 3-dehydrocarnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.43 (P=0.04) | 160.2 | ||
| Acetylcarnitine | LC/MS pos | 0.57 (P=0.005) | 204.2 | ||
| Choline phosphate | LC/MS pos | 0.59 (P=0.01) | 184.1 | ||
| Glycerolipid metabolism | Glycerol | GC/MS | 0.6 (P=0.005) | 205 | |
| Ketone bodies | 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) | GC/MS | 0.5 (P=0.03) | 116.9 | |
| Lysolipid | 1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine | LC/MS pos | 8.31 (P=0.04) | 496.4 | |
| 1-stearoylglycerophosphocholine | LC/MS pos | 11.6 (P=0.04) | 524.4 | ||
| 2-stearoylglycerophosphocholine | LC/MS pos | 2.01 (P=0.02) | 524.4 | ||
| 1-palmitoylglycerophosphoinositol | LC/MS neg | 0.48 (P=0.04) | 571.3 | ||
| 1-stearoylglycerol (1-monostearin) | LC/MS neg | 0.48 (P=0.02) | 399.4 | ||
| Sphingolipid | Palmitoyl sphingomyelin | GC/MS | 0.49 (P=0.03) | 311.3 | |
| Cholesterol | GC/MS | 0.8 (P=0.04) | 329.3 | ||
| Nucleotide | Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing | Xanthine | LC/MS pos | 0.67 (P=0.03) | 153.1 |
| Hypoxanthine | LC/MS pos | 0.51 (P=0.04) | 135.1 | ||
| Inosine | LC/MS neg | 0.49 (P=0.02) | 267.2 | ||
| Adenosine 3′-monophosphate (3′-AMP) | LC/MS pos | 0.58 (P=0.02) | 348.1 | ||
| Guanosine | LC/MS neg | 0.5 (P=0.02) | 282.1 | ||
| Purine metabolism, guanine containing | Cytidine | LC/MS pos | 0.51 (P=0.02) | 244 | |
| Pyrimidine metabolism, orotate containing | Uracil | GC/MS | 0.6 (P=0.03) | 241 | |
| Cofactors and vitamins | Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | Nicotinamide | LC/MS pos | 0.54 (P=0.01) | 123.1 |
| Pantothenate and coa metabolism | Pantothenate | LC/MS pos | 0.44 (P=0.02) | 220.1 | |
| Riboflavin metabolism | Benzoate | GC/MS | 0.56 (P=0.04) | 179 | |
| Xenobiotics | Chemical | Glycerol 2-phosphate | GC/MS | 0.36 (P=0.04) | 243 |
| Stachydrine | LC/MS pos | 0.46 (P=0.006) | 144.1 | ||
| Homostachydrine | LC/MS pos | 0.6 (P=0.008) | 158.2 | ||
| Equol sulfate | LC/MS neg | 0.51 (P=0.03) | 321.2 |
Abbreviations: Fst-Tg, follistatin transgenic; WT, wild type; Epi, epididymal; LC/MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; pos, positive; neg, negative; GC/MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; BCAA, branched chain amino acid; CoA, coenzyme A.