Table 4.
Correlation coefficients and 95% Confidence Intervals for those coefficients, representing the relationships between FILD items with stress, psychopathology, and sleep problems.
| Measure | PSS T1 | BDI T1 | BAI T1 | MOCI T1 | DES T1 | MIS T1 | GSAQ T1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item 1 – Momentary frequency | 0.01 | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
| [-0.14,0.15] | [-0.22,0.07] | [-0.15,0.13] | [-0.15,0.14] | [-0.13,0.16] | [-0.05,0.23] | [-0.06,0.22] | |
| Item 2 – Prolonged frequency | -0.03 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.14∗ | -0.04 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| [-0.17,0.12] | [-0.21,0.08] | [-0.20,0.09] | [-0.28,0.00] | [-0.18,0.11] | [-0.08,0.20] | [-0.02,0.26] | |
| Item 3 – Spontaneous frequency | -0.07 | -0.12 | -0.04 | -0.08 | -0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
| [-0.21,0.08] | [-0.26,0.03] | [-0.19,0.10] | [-0.22,0.07] | [-0.19,0.10] | [-0.12,0.16] | [-0.08,0.21] | |
| Item 4 – Attempt frequency | 0.21∗∗ | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.15∗ | 0.16∗ | 0.14 | 0.23∗∗ |
| [0.06,0.34] | [-0.01,0.28] | [-0.05,0.24] | [0.01,0.29] | [0.01,0.30] | [-0.01,0.28] | [0.08,0.36] | |
| Item 5 – Success frequencya | 0.00 | -0.04 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.20 |
| [-0.24,0.24] | [-0.27,0.21] | [-0.22,0.26] | [-0.28,0.20] | [-0.12,0.35] | [-0.10,0.37] | [-0.04,0.42] | |
| Lucidity frequency | 0.01 | -0.06 | -0.01 | -0.04 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.15∗ |
| [-0.13,0.16] | [-0.20,0.09] | [-0.15,0.14] | [-0.18,0.10] | [-0.12,0.17] | [-0.04,0.24] | [0.00,0.28] | |
| Item 6 – Confidenceb | -0.25∗∗ | -0.19∗ | -0.25∗∗ | -0.16 | -0.08 | -0.12 | -0.10 |
| [-0.40,-0.09] | [-0.35,-0.03] | [-0.40,-0.09] | [-0.32,0.00] | [-0.24,0.09] | [-0.28,0.05] | [-0.26,0.07] | |
| Item 7 – Activityb | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.16 | 0.07 | 0.02 | -0.03 | -0.06 |
| [-0.26,0.07] | [-0.21,0.13] | [-0.31,0.01] | [-0.10,0.23] | [-0.15,0.18] | [-0.19,0.14] | [-0.23,0.11] | |
| Item 8 – Controlb | -0.19∗ | -0.20∗ | -0.24∗∗ | -0.21∗ | -0.03 | -0.09 | -0.06 |
| [-0.35,-0.02] | [-0.36,-0.04] | [-0.39,-0.07] | [-0.36,-0.04] | [-0.20,0.14] | [-0.25,0.08] | [-0.22,0.11] | |
| Item 9 – Length by secondsb | -0.17∗ | -0.11 | -0.10 | -0.17∗ | -0.08 | -0.09 | 0.01 |
| [-0.33,-0.01] | [-0.27,0.06] | [-0.26,0.07] | [-0.33,0.00] | [-0.24,0.09] | [-0.25,0.08] | [-0.16,0.17] | |
| Item 10 – Length by scenesb | -0.22∗∗ | -0.16 | -0.09 | -0.24∗∗ | -0.07 | -0.06 | -0.03 |
| [-0.37,-0.05] | [-0.32,0.01] | [-0.25,0.08] | [-0.39,-0.08] | [-0.23,0.10] | [-0.22,0.11] | [-0.19,0.14] | |
| Lucidity intensityb | -0.22∗∗ | -0.18∗ | -0.24∗∗ | -0.16 | -0.06 | -0.13 | -0.04 |
| [-0.37,-0.06] | [-0.33,-0.01] | [-0.39,-0.08] | [-0.32,0.00] | [-0.22,0.11] | [-0.28,0.04] | [-0.21,0.13] | |
| Emotion before lucidityb | -0.26∗∗ | -0.22∗ | -0.30∗∗∗ | -0.15 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.23∗∗ |
| [-0.41,-0.10] | [-0.37,-0.05] | [-0.44,-0.14] | [-0.31,0.02] | [-0.23,0.11] | [-0.18,0.15] | [-0.38,-0.06] | |
| Emotion after lucidityb | -0.38∗∗∗ | -0.21∗ | -0.18∗ | -0.16 | -0.11 | -0.06 | -0.12 |
| [-0.51,-0.23] | [-0.37,-0.05] | [-0.33,-0.01] | [-0.32,0.01] | [-0.28,0.06] | [-0.22,0.11] | [-0.28,0.05] | |
| Techniquesc | 0.21 | 0.35∗∗ | 0.15 | 0.26∗ | 0.32∗ | 0.34∗∗ | 0.37∗∗ |
| [-0.03,0.44] | [0.11,0.55] | [-0.10,0.38] | [0.02,0.48] | [0.07,0.52] | [0.10,0.54] | [0.14,0.57] | |
| ISES LD scale | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | -0.02 | 0.12 | 0.17∗ | 0.26∗∗∗ |
| [-0.07,0.21] | [-0.12,0.17] | [-0.10,0.18] | [-0.16,0.13] | [-0.03,0.26] | [0.02,0.30] | [0.12,0.39] | |
| M | 14.68 | 10.00 | 11.46 | 9.19 | 12.87 | 5.99 | 1.55 |
| SD | 6.60 | 8.05 | 9.58 | 5.04 | 11.62 | 5.56 | 0.26 |
Italics indicate statistically significant correlations. Bold indicates scales. FILD = lucid dreaming questionnaire; momentary = frequency of momentary LD; prolonged = frequency of prolonged LD; spontaneous = frequency of LD generated spontaneously; attempt = frequency of attempts to deliberately induce LD; success = frequency of successfully inducing LD; lucidity frequency = a scale of the five frequency items (momentary, prolonged, spontaneous, attempt, and success); confidence = the extent to which the respondent feels confident that he or she is dreaming; activity = the level of actively participating in dream events; control = the level of control over dream contents and events; length by scenes = evaluation of the duration of most lucid dreams by number of dream scenes; length by seconds = evaluation of the duration of most lucid dreams by seconds; lucidity intensity = a scale of the five intensity items (confidence, activity, control, length by seconds, and length by scenes); emotion before lucidity = a scale of the FILD, two items measuring emotional valence before lucidity onset; emotion after lucidity = a scale of the FILD, two items measuring emotional valence after lucidity onset; techniques = a scale of the FILD, seven items measuring the frequency of applying techniques for LD induction; ISES LD scale = the three LD items of the Iowa sleep experiences survey; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; MOCI = Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory; DES = revised Dissociative Experiences Scale; MIS = Magical Ideation Scale; GSAQ = Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001. aBased only on N = 67. bBased only on N = 142. cBased only on N = 64. Below are means and standard deviations for stress, psychopathology, and sleep problems.