Table 2.
Patient Characteristics and Their Association with Delaying Care Due to Cost
| CHARACTERISTIC | Delayed Medical Care in Past Year due to Cost | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| All 619 (100.0%) |
No 537 (86.8%) |
Yes 82 (13.2%) |
||
|
| ||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P-Value* | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–26 | 134 (21.7) | 117 (21.8) | 17 (20.7) | |
| 27–34 | 117 (18.9) | 103 (19.2) | 14 (17.1) | |
| 35–44 | 92 (14.9) | 79 (14.7) | 13 (15.9) | |
| 45–54 | 133 (21.5) | 110 (20.3) | 24 (29.3) | |
| 55–64 | 99 (16.0) | 87 (16.2) | 12 (14.6) | |
| 65–74 | 25 (4.0) | 23 (4.3) | 2 (2.4) | |
| 75+ | 15 (2.4) | 15 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.73 |
| Missing/Refused | 4 (0.7) | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 375 (60.6) | 322 (60.0) | 53 (64.6) | |
| Female | 231 (37.3) | 203 (37.8) | 28 (34.2) | 0.54 |
| Missing/Refused | 13 (2.1) | 12 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 249 (40.2) | 204 (38.0) | 45 (54.9) | |
| Black/AA | 78 (12.6) | 71 (13.2) | 7 (8.5) | |
| Hispanic | 230 (37.2) | 208 (38.7) | 22 (26.8) | |
| Other/Multi | 56 (9.1) | 49 (9.1) | 7 (8.5) | 0.03 |
| Missing/Refused | 6 (1.0) | 5 (0.9) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Education | ||||
| <HS | 59 (9.5) | 56 (10.4) | 3 (3.7) | |
| HS | 225 (36.4) | 201 (37.4) | 24 (29.3) | |
| Some College | 149 (24.1) | 120 (22.4) | 29 (35.4) | |
| College | 126 (20.4) | 105 (19.6) | 21 (25.6) | |
| Grad | 48 (7.8) | 46 (8.6) | 2 (2.4) | 0.25 |
| Missing/Refused | 12 (1.9) | 9 (1.7) | 3 (3.7) | |
| Yearly Pre-tax Income | ||||
| < $25,000 | 260 (42.0) | 230 (42.8) | 30 (36.6) | |
| $25,000 < $50,000 | 126 (24.0) | 109 (20.3) | 17 (20.7) | |
| $50,000 < $100,000 | 91 (14.7) | 73 (13.6) | 18 (22.0) | |
| > $100,000 | 31 (5.0) | 30 (5.6) | 1 (1.2) | 0.59 |
| Missing/Refused | 111 (17.9) | 95 (17.7) | 16 (19.5) | |
| Yearly Pre-tax Income, Adjusted for # Persons in Household (Tertiles)** | ||||
| 1 <$12,500 | 216 (34.9) | 188 (35.0) | 28 (34.2) | |
| 2 $12,500–25,000 | 241 (38.9) | 212 (39.5) | 29 (35.4) | |
| 3 >$25,000 | 146 (23.6) | 124 (23.1) | 22 (26.8) | 0.62 |
| Unavailable | 16 (2.6) | 13 (2.4) | 3 (3.7) | |
| Survey Site | ||||
| ED | 474 (76.6) | 399 (74.3) | 75 (91.5) | |
| Clinic | 145 (23.4) | 138 (25.7) | 7 (8.5) | 0.001 |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | 293 (47.3) | 240 (44.7) | 53 (64.6) | |
| Unemployed | 74 (12.0) | 67 (12.5) | 7 (8.6) | |
| Retired | 55 (8.9) | 51 (9.5) | 4 (4.9) | |
| Disability Benefits | 136 (22.0) | 126 (23.5) | 10 (12.4) | |
| Student | 33 (5.3) | 27 (5.0) | 6 (7.4) | |
| Homemaker | 18 (2.9) | 17 (3.2) | 1 (1.2) | 0.01 |
| Missing/Refused | 10 (1.6) | 9 (1.7) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Other than monthly health insurance premium, $ spent for co-pays, deductibles, prescriptions, in last 12m | ||||
| < $500 | 399 (64.5) | 364 (67.8) | 35 (42.7) | |
| $501–$1000 | 111 (17.9) | 93 (17.3) | 18 (22.0) | |
| $1001–$3000 | 69 (11.2) | 50 (9.3) | 19 (23.2) | |
| $3001–$5000 | 10 (1.6) | 5 (0.9) | 5 (6.1) | |
| >$5000 | 13 (2.1) | 10 (1.9) | 3 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Refused | 17(2.8) | 15 (2.8) | 2 (2.4) | |
| How would you rate your health? | ||||
| Excellent | 70 (11.3) | 67 (12.5) | 3 (3.7) | |
| Very Good | 149 (24.1) | 126 (23.5) | 23 (28.1) | |
| Good | 212 (34.3) | 184 (34.1) | 29 (35.4) | |
| Fair | 119 (19.2) | 100 (18.6) | 19 (23.2) | |
| Poor | 40 (6.5) | 35 (6.5) | 5 (6.1) | 0.18 |
| Missing/Refused | 29 (4.7) | 26 (4.8) | 3 (3.7) | |
| # Chronic Conditions prescribed medicine for | ||||
| 0 | 240 (38.8) | 207 (38.6) | 33 (40.2) | |
| 1 | 109 (17.6) | 95 (17.7) | 14 (17.1) | |
| 2 | 84 (13.6) | 72 (13.4) | 12 (14.6) | |
| 3 | 90 (14.5) | 77 (14.3) | 13 (15.9) | |
| 4 | 36 (5.8) | 32 (6.0) | 4 (4.9) | |
| 5+ | 56 (9.1) | 51 (9.5) | 5 (6.1) | 0.93 |
| Missing/Refused | 4 (0.7) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (1.2) | |
| # Visits to provider in last 12m | ||||
| 0 | 50 (8.1) | 41 (7.6) | 9 (11.0) | |
| 1 | 83 (13.4) | 72 (13.4) | 11 (13.4) | |
| 2 | 89 (14.4) | 80 (14.9) | 9 (11.0) | |
| 3 | 87 (14.1) | 74 (13.8) | 13 (15.9) | |
| 4 | 90 (14.5) | 81 (15.1) | 9 (11.0) | |
| 5–10 | 114 (18.4) | 94 (17.5) | 20 (24.4) | |
| 10+ | 77 (12.2) | 70 (13.0) | 7 (8.5) | 0.65 |
| Missing/Refused | 29 (4.7) | 25 (4.7) | 4 (4.9) | |
| # Hospitalizations in last 12m | ||||
| 0 | 393 (63.5) | 346 (64.4) | 47 (57.3) | |
| 1 | 101 (16.3) | 84 (15.6) | 17 (20.7) | |
| 2 | 37 (6.0) | 33 (6.2) | 4 (4.9) | |
| 3 | 25 (4.0) | 19 (3.5) | 6 (7.3) | |
| 4 | 19 (3.1) | 17 (3.2) | 2 (2.4) | |
| 5–10 | 13 (2.1) | 12 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) | |
| 10+ | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (1.2) | 0.39 |
| Missing/Refused | 29 (4.7) | 25 (4.7) | 4 (4.9) | |
| Outstanding bills currently | ||||
| No | 397 (64.1) | 375 (69.8) | 22 (26.8) | |
| Yes | 202 (32.6) | 143 (26.6) | 59 (72.0) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Refused | 20 (3.2) | 19 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Delay in filling prescriptions | 52 (8.4) | 18 (3.4) | 34 (41.5) | <0.001 |
| ED used most often for health care | 77 (12.4) | 63 (11.7) | 14 (17.1) | 0.21 |
*
Contrasting did not delay care vs. delayed care. Fisher exact (categorical) or χ2 test of trend (ordinal). All p-values are calculated excluding missing responses.
**
Imputed for 15% of the sample