Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with T2DM with good and poor glycaemic control
| Good glycaemic control HbA1c<7% (n=689) |
Poor glycaemic control HbA1c≥7% (n=698) |
P value | Good glycaemic control FBG≤7.0 mmol/L (n=596) |
Poor glycaemic control FBG>7.0 mmol/L (n=791) |
P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–39 years | 158 (22.9) | 81 (11.6) | <0.001 | 135 (22.7) | 104 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| 40–59 years | 323 (46.9) | 300 (43.0) | 247 (41.4) | 376 (47.5) | ||
| ≥60 years | 208 (30.2) | 317 (45.4) | 214 (35.9) | 311 (39.3) | ||
| Sex | 0.157 | 0.830 | ||||
| Male | 405 (58.8) | 384 (55.0) | 341 (57.2) | 448 (56.6) | ||
| Female | 284 (41.2) | 314 (45.0) | 255 (42.8) | 343 (43.4) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| University/college | 166 (24.1) | 102 (14.6) | 145 (24.3) | 123 (15.5) | ||
| Class 7–12 | 333 (48.3) | 310 (44.4) | 268 (45.0) | 375 (47.4) | ||
| Class 1–6 | 122 (17.7) | 204 (29.2) | 117 (19.6) | 209 (26.4) | ||
| No qualifications | 35 (5.1) | 67 (9.6) | 45 (7.6) | 57 (7.2) | ||
| Unknown | 33 (4.8) | 15 (2.1) | 21 (3.5) | 27 (3.4) | ||
| Occupation | 0.064 | 0.231 | ||||
| Manual workers | 94 (13.6) | 121 (17.3) | 87 (14.6) | 128 (16.2) | ||
| Non-manual workers | 138 (20.0) | 141 (20.2) | 127 (21.3) | 152 (19.2) | ||
| Never worked/retired | 219 (31.8) | 317 (45.4) | 211 (35.4) | 325 (41.1) | ||
| Unknown | 238 (34.5) | 119 (17.0) | 171 (28.7) | 186 (23.5) | ||
| Marital status | 0.200 | 0.312 | ||||
| Married | 510 (74.0) | 562 (80.5) | 446 (74.8) | 626 (79.1) | ||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 55 (8.0) | 77 (11.0) | 61 (10.2) | 71 (9.0) | ||
| Unknown | 124 (18.0) | 59 (8.5) | 89 (14.9) | 94 (11.9) | ||
| Residence | 0.012 | 0.042 | ||||
| Urban | 449 (65.2) | 412 (59.0) | 388 (65.1) | 473 (59.8) | ||
| Rural | 231 (33.5) | 281 (40.3) | 202 (33.9) | 310 (39.2) | ||
| Unknown | 9 (1.3) | 5 (0.7) | 6 (1.0) | 8 (1.0) | ||
| Health insurance | 0.583 | 0.704 | ||||
| Yes | 641 (93.0) | 644 (92.3) | 554 (93.0) | 731 (92.4) | ||
| No | 48 (7.0) | 54 (7.7) | 42 (7.0) | 60 (7.6) | ||
| Smoking | 0.076 | 0.505 | ||||
| No | 567 (82.3) | 548 (78.5) | 484 (81.2) | 631 (79.8) | ||
| Yes | 122 (17.7) | 150 (21.5) | 112 (18.8) | 160 (20.2) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | 0.182 | 0.040 | ||||
| No | 617 (89.6) | 609 (87.2) | 539 (90.4) | 687 (86.9) | ||
| Yes | 72 (10.4) | 89 (12.8) | 57 (9.6) | 104 (13.1) | ||
| Family history of T2DM | 0.604 | 0.095 | ||||
| No | 429 (62.3) | 444 (63.6) | 390 (65.4) | 483 (61.1) | ||
| Yes | 260 (37.7) | 254 (36.4) | 206 (34.6) | 308 (38.9) | ||
| Duration of T2DM | ||||||
| ≤1 year | 207 (30.1) | 93 (13.3) | <0.001 | 173 (29.0) | 127 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| >1 to 2 years | 77 (11.2) | 44 (6.3) | 55 (9.2) | 66 (8.3) | ||
| >2 to 4 years | 72 (10.4) | 60 (8.6) | 53 (8.9) | 79 (10.0) | ||
| >4 years | 291 (42.2) | 487 (69.8) | 275 (46.2) | 503 (63.6) | ||
| Unknown | 42 (6.1) | 14 (2.0) | 40 (6.7) | 16 (2.0) | ||
| Number of visits to the diabetes centre for T2DM since registration | 8 (4,13)* | 8 (5,13)* | 0.335 | 8 (4,13)* | 8 (5,13)* | 0.214 |
| T2DM therapeutic regimen | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Only diet and physical activity | 99 (14.4) | 45 (6.4) | 92 (15.4) | 52 (6.6) | ||
| Diet and physical activity+OHD | 335 (48.6) | 296 (42.4) | 267 (44.8) | 364 (46.0) | ||
| Diet and physical activity+insulin | 38 (5.5) | 27 (3.9) | 31 (5.2) | 34 (4.3) | ||
| Diet and physical activity+OHD+insulin | 217 (31.5) | 330 (47.3) | 206 (34.6) | 341 (43.1) | ||
| BMI | 0.817 | 0.907 | ||||
| Under | 22 (3.2) | 23 (3.3) | 21 (3.5) | 24 (3.0) | ||
| Normal | 289 (41.9) | 280 (40.1) | 239 (40.1) | 330 (41.7) | ||
| Overweight | 244 (35.4) | 265 (38.0) | 222 (37.3) | 287 (36.3) | ||
| Obese | 101 (14.7) | 107 (15.3) | 89 (14.9) | 119 (15.1) | ||
| Unknown | 33 (4.8) | 23 (3.3) | 25 (4.2) | 31 (3.9) | ||
| Hypertension | 0.005 | 0.847 | ||||
| No | 321 (46.6) | 273 (39.1) | 257 (43.1) | 337 (42.6) | ||
| Yes | 368 (53.4) | 425 (60.9) | 339 (56.9) | 454 (57.4) | ||
| Hyperlipidaemia | 0.051 | 0.025 | ||||
| No | 164 (23.8) | 136 (19.5) | 146 (24.5) | 154 (19.5) | ||
| Yes | 525 (76.2) | 562 (80.5) | 450 (75.5) | 637 (80.5) | ||
n(%), p value excludes unknown.
*Median (IQR).
BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; OHD, oral hypoglycaemic drug; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.