Table 2.

Associations of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics with depressive symptoms

Characteristics	Any versus no depressive symptoms (n=909)		Number of non-zero depressive symptoms (n=335)
	OR (95% CI)	P values	eb (95% CI)	P values
Age	0.988 (0.961 to 1.015)	0.370	0.993 (0.983 to 1.003)	0.156
Sex
Female*	–	–	–	–
Male	0.436 (0.307 to 0.619)***	<0.001	0.981 (0.855 to 1.127)	0.786
Education attainment
No formal education*	–	–	–	–
Primary school	1.302 (0.862 to 1.966)	0.210	0.949 (0.814 to 1.107)	0.506
Secondary school	1.575 (1.010 to 2.456)*	0.045	0.833 (0.710 to 0.977)*	0.025
Postsecondary school	0.900 (0.508 to 1.597)	0.719	0.987 (0.797 to 1.221)	0.901
Marital status
Married or cohabiting	0.962 (0.549 to 1.688)	0.894	1.032 (0.843 to 1.263)	0.758
Widowed	0.877 (0.494 to 1.559)	0.653	1.028 (0.838 to 1.261)	0.789
Other†	–	–	–	–
Housing
Public and aided†	–	–	–	–
Private (purchased)	0.962 (0.699 to 1.324)	0.811	0.970 (0.867 to 1.086)	0.599
Renting	1.045 (0.542 to 2.015)	0.895	1.124 (0.891 to 1.419)	0.322
Living arrangement
Living with others†	–	–	–	–
Living alone	1.497 (1.021 to 2.195)*	0.039	1.044 (0.913 to 1.195)	0.526
Household with car
No†	–	–	–	–
Yes	1.009 (0.735 to 1.386)	0.956	0.927 (0.825 to 1.042)	0.204
Area-level socioeconomic status
Low†	–	–	–	–
High	1.283 (0.925 to 1.779)	0.135	0.937 (0.843 to 1.041)	0.222
Recruitment centre
Elderly community centre†	–		–
Elderly Health Centres	1.001 (0.691 to 1.450)	0.996	1.035 (0.912 to 1.174)	0.592
Number of current diagnosed health problems	1.095 (1.016 to 1.180)*	0.018	1.039 (1.013 to 1.066)**	0.004

*P<0.05.

**P<0.01.

***P<0.001.

†Reference group. e^b is interpreted as the proportional increase (if >1) or decrease (if <1) in depressive symptoms associated with a 1-unit increase in the environmental attribute.

–, not applicable; e^b, antilogarithm of regression coefficient.