Table 5.
Proportion of people with one DSM-IV disorder (rows) who also have another disorder (columns)
| MDD | Social anxiety | Cannabis abuse | Cannabis dependence | Alcohol abuse | Alcohol dependence | Panic with agora | Panic without agora | Panic attack | Manic episode | Psychotic symptoms | Any illegal substance use* | ||
| MDD | Cases | – |
33.7%
(29.6 38.2) |
9.5% (7.1 to 12.5) |
5.8% (3.9 to 8.3) | 34.8% (30.6 to 39.2) |
30% (26 to 34.4) |
1.9% (0.9 to 3.6) |
4.3%
(2.8 to 6.6) |
31.1%
(27 to 35.4) |
1% (0.4 to 2.5) |
11.3%
(8.7 to 14.6) |
60.1% (55.6 to 64.4) |
| Controls |
14.1%
(12.7 to 15.6) |
12.1% (10.8 to 13.5) |
7% (6 to 8.2) |
33.6% (31.7 to 35.6) |
27.5% (25.7 to 29.4) |
0.7% (0.4 to 1.1) |
0.9%
(0.6 to 1.4) |
10.8%
(9.5 to 12.1) |
0.4% (0.2 to 0.8) |
6.2%
(5.2 to 7.2) |
57.4% (55.3 to 59.4) |
||
| P values | 7.80E-25 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.66 | 0.29 | 0.021 | 7.70E-08 | 8.30E-31 | 0.15 | 8.60E-05 | 0.29 | ||
| Social anxiety | Cases |
33.7%
(29.6 to 38.2) |
– | 15.2% (12.2 to 18.8) |
9.3% (6.9 to 12.3) |
36.8% (32.6 to 41.3) |
34.2%
(30.0 to 38.6) |
2.1% (1.0 to 3.9) |
4.1%
(2.6 to 6.4) |
30.5%
(26.4 to 34.8) |
1.6%
(0.8 to 3.3) |
9.7% (7.3 to 12.7) |
62.1% (57.6 to 66.4) |
| Controls |
14.1%
(12.7 to 15.6) |
10.8% (9.6 12.2) |
6.3% (5.4 to 7.4) |
33.2% (31.3 to 35.2) |
26.7%
(24.9 to 28.5) |
0.6% (0.3 to 1.1) |
1.0%
(0.6 to 1.5) |
10.9%
(9.7 to 12.3) |
0.3%
(0.1 to 0.6) |
6.5% (5.6 to 7.6) |
56.9% (54.9 to 59) |
||
| P values | 7.80E-25 | 0.0078 | 0.024 | 0.14 | 0.001 | 0.0043 | 6.90E-07 | 1.10E-28 | 3.8E-4 | 0.018 | 0.039 | ||
| Cannabis abuse | Cases | 14.3% (10.7 to 18.7) |
23.0% (18.6 to 28) |
– |
50.0%
(44.6 to 55.4) |
71.7%
(66.4 to 76.5) |
60.2%
(54.7 to 65.6) |
2.5% (1.2 to 5.0) |
0.6% (0.1 to 2.5) |
21.7%
(17.4 to 26.7) |
1.9%
(0.8 to 4.2) |
12.4%
(9.1 to 16.6) |
98.1%
(95.8 to 99.2) |
| Controls | 18% (16.5 to 19.5) |
16.8% (15.4 to 18.4) |
1.1%
(0.8 1.7) |
28.8%
(27.1 to 30.7) |
23.7%
(22.1 to 25.5) |
0.7% (0.4 to 1.1) |
1.6% (1.2 to 2.2) |
13.3%
(12.0 to 14.8) |
0.3%
(0.2 to 0.7) |
6.4%
(5.4 to 7.4) |
52.5%
(50.6 to 54.5) |
||
| P values | 0.12 | 0.0078 | 6.0E-233 | 2.2E-52 | 2.0E-42 | 0.0026 | 0.25 | 7.50E-05 | 0.0012 | 0.00011 | 2.80E-54 | ||
| Cannabis dependence | Cases | 14.8% (10.2 to 20.9) | 23.8% (18.1 to 30.6) |
85.2%
(79.1 89.8) |
– |
69.8%
(62.7 to 76.2) |
65.1%
(57.8 71.8) |
2.6% (1.0 to 6.4) |
0.5% (0.0 to 3.4) |
27.5%
(21.4 34.6) |
3.2%
(1.3 to 7.1) |
17.5%
(12.5 to 23.8) |
97.9%
(94.3 to 99.3) |
| Controls | 17.7% (16.3 to 19.3) |
17.1% (15.6 to 18.6) |
6.2%
(5.3 to 7.2) |
31.2%
(29.4 to 33) |
25.3%
(23.6 to 27) |
0.7% (0.5 to 1.2) |
1.6% (1.2 to 2.2) |
13.4%
(12.1 to 14.7) |
0.3%
(0.1 to 0.6) |
6.3%
(5.4 7.3) |
54.9%
(53.0 to 56.8) |
||
| P values | 0.36 | 0.024 | 6.0E-233 | 5.20E-27 | 1.50E-31 | 0.02 | 0.4 | 1.50E-07 | 1.30E-06 | 1.80E-08 | 1.80E-30 | ||
| Alcohol abuse | Cases | 18.0% (15.6 to 20.7) | 19.1% (16.6 to 21.8) | 24.6% (21.9 to 27.5) | 14.1% (11.9 to 16.5) | – | 63.3% (60.1 to 66.4) | 1.3% (0.7 to 2.3) | 1.8% (1.1 to 2.9) | 17.4% (15.0 to 20.0) | 1.2%(0.6 2.2) | 8.0% (6.4 to 10.0) | 82.3% (79.7 to 84.7) |
| Controls | 17.3% (15.6 to 19.1) | 16.7% (15.1 to 18.5) | 5.0% (4.0 to 6.1) | 3.1% (2.4 to 4.0) | 9.9% (8.6 to 11.4) | 0.7% (0.4 to 1.2) | 1.4% (0.9 to 2.0) | 12.8% (11.3 to 14.4) | 0.2%(0.0 0.5) | 6.6% (5.5 to 7.9) | 45.3% (43.0 to 47.7) | ||
| P values | 0.66 | 0.14 | 2.2E-52 | 5.2E-27 | 1.7E-192 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.0012 | 0.0011 | 0.2 | 2.8E-77 | ||
| Alcohol dependence | Cases | 18.8% (16.2 to 21.8) | 21.4% (18.6 to 24.5) | 25% (22.0 to 28.2) | 15.9% (13.4 to 18.7) | 76.5% (73.4 to 79.5) | – | 1.3% (0.7 to 2.4) | 1.9% (1.1 to 3.2) | 19.3% (16.6 to 22.3) | 1.2% (0.6 to 2.3) | 7.9% (6.1 to 10.0) | 83.1% (80.3 to 85.6) |
| Controls | 17% (15.4 to 18.8) | 16% (14.5 to 17.7) | 6.4%(5.4 to 7.6) | 3.3% (2.6 to 4.2) | 17.2% (15.6 to 19.0) | 0.7% (0.4 to 1.2) | 1.4% (0.9 to 2.0) | 12.4% (11.0 to 13.9) | 0.3% (0.1 to 0.6) | 6.8% (5.7 to 8.0) | 48% (45.8 to 50.2) | ||
| P values | 0.29 | 0.001 | 2.00E-42 | 1.50E-31 | 1.7E-192 | 0.2 | 0.34 | 3.50E-06 | 0.0062 | 0.35 | 4.90E-63 | ||
| Panic disorder with agoraphobia | Cases | 37.5% (19.6 to 59.2) | 41.7% (22.8 to 63.1) | 33.3% (16.4 to 55.3) | 20.8% (7.9 to 42.7) | 50% (31.4 to 68.6) | 41.7% (22.8 to 63.1) | – | NA | NA | 4.2% (0.2 to 23.1) | 4.2% (0.2 to 23.1) | 75.0% (52.9 to 89.4) |
| Controls | 17.4% (16 to 18.8) |
17.3% (15.9 to 18.8) |
11.4% (10.3 to 12.7) |
6.7% (5.8 to 7.7) |
33.7% (31.9 to 35.5) |
27.9% (26.2 to 29.6) |
1.5% (1.1 to 2.1) |
13.6% (12.3 to 14.9) |
0.5% (0.3 to 0.8) |
7.1% (6.2 to 8.1) |
57.7% (55.8 to 59.5) |
||
| P values | 0.021 | 0.0043 | 0.0026 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.2 | NA* | NA* | 0.27 | 0.88 | 0.13 | ||
| Panic disorder without agoraphobia | Cases |
50%
(35.5 to 64.5) |
47.6%
(32.3 to 63.4) |
4.8% (0.8 to 17.4) |
2.4% (0.1 to 14.1) |
40.5% (26.0 to 56.7) |
35.7% (22.0 to 52.0) |
0% | – | 100% | 0% | 19.0% (9.1 to 34.6) |
66.7% (50.4 to 80) |
| Controls |
17%
(15.6 to 18.5) |
17.1%
(15.7 to 18.5) |
11.7% (10.5 to 13) | 6.9% (6.0 to 7.9) |
33.7% (32.0 to 35.5) |
27.9% (26.2 to 29.6) |
0.9% (0.6 to 1.3) |
13% (11.8 to 14.3) |
0.5% (0.3 to 0.9) |
6.9% (6.0 to 7.9) |
57.7% (55.8 to 59.6) |
||
| P values | 7.70E-08 | 6.90E-07 | 0.25 | 0.4 | 0.45 | 0.34 | NA | NA | 1† | 0.006 | 0.31 | ||
| Panic attack | Cases |
38%
(33.3 to 43) |
37.3%
(32.5 to 42.3) |
17.6%
(14.1 to 21.8) |
13.1%
(10 to 16.9) |
41.1%
(36.2 to 46.1) |
37.8% (33.0 to 42.8) | 6.0% (4.0 to 9.0) |
10.6% (7.8 to 14.1) |
– |
2.3%
(1.1 to 4.4) |
15.6%
(12.3 to 19.7) |
64.7% (59.8 to 69.4) |
| Controls |
14.1%
(12.7 to 15.6) |
14.2%
(12.9 to 15.7) |
10.6%
(9.4 to 11.9) |
5.8%
(4.9 to 6.8) |
32.6%
(30.7 to 34.6) |
26.3% (24.6 to 28.2) | NA | NA |
0.2%
(0.1 to 0.5) |
5.6%
(4.8 to 6.7) |
56.7% (54.7 to 58.7) |
||
| P values | 8.30E-31 | 1.10E-28 | 7.50E-05 | 1.50E-07 | 0.0012 | 3.50E-06 | NA* | NA* | 6.70E-07 | 1.50E-12 | 0.0032 | ||
| Manic episode | Cases | 35.7% (14 to 64.4) |
57.1%
(29.6 to 81.2) |
42.9%
(18.8 to 70.4) |
42.9%
(18.8 to 70.4) |
78.6%
(48.8 to 94.3) |
64.3% (35.6 to 86) |
7.1% (0.4 to 35.8) |
0.0% | 64.3% (35.6 to 86.0) | – | 7.1% (0.4 to 35.8) |
78.6% (48.8 to 94.3) |
| Controls | 17.4% (16 to 18.9) |
17.3%
(15.9 to 18.8) |
11.5%
(10.3 to 12.7) |
6.6%
(5.7 to 7.6) |
33.6% (31.8 to 35.4) | 27.8% (26.1 to 29.5) |
0.8% (0.5 to 1.3) |
1.5% (1.1 to 2.1) |
14.1%
(12.8 to 15.4) |
7.1% (6.2 to 8.1) |
57.7% (55.9 to 59.6) |
||
| P values | 0.15 | 0.00038 | 0.0012 | 1.30E-06 | 0.0011 | 0.0062 | 0.27 | 1† | 6.70E-07 | 1 | 0.19 | ||
| Psychotic symptoms | Cases | 28.1% 22 35 | 24.0% (18.3 to 30.7) |
20.4%
(15.1 to 26.9) |
16.8%
(12.0 to 23.0) |
38.3% (31.5 to 45.5) |
31.1% (24.8 to 38.2) | 0.5% (0.0 to 3.2) |
4.1% (1.9 to 8.2) |
31.6%
(25.3 to 38.7) |
0.5% (0.0 to 3.2) |
– | 65.3% (58.1 to 71.9) |
| Controls | 16.7% (15.3 to 18.2) | 17% (15.6 to 18.6) |
10.9%
(9.8 to 12.2) |
6.1%
(5.2 to 7.1) |
33.5% (31.7 to 35.4) |
27.7% (26.0 to 29.5) |
0.9% (0.6 to 1.4) |
1.3% (0.9 to 1.9) |
13%
(11.7 to 14.4) |
0.5% (0.3 to 0.9) |
57.3% (55.3 to 59.2) |
||
| P values | 8.60E-05 | 0.018 | 1.1E-4 | 1.8E-08 | 0.2 | 0.35 | 0.88 | 0.006 | 1.5E-12 | 1 | 0.034 | ||
| Any illegal substance use‡ | Cases | 18.2% (16.4 to 20.2) |
18.8% (17.0 to 20.8) |
19.7% (17.8 to 21.8) |
11.5%
(10.0 to 13.2) |
48.1%
(45.7 to 50.6) |
40.2%
(37.8 to 42.7) |
1.1% (0.7 to 1.8) |
1.7% (1.2 to 2.5) |
16.0% (14.3 to 17.9) |
0.7% (0.4 to 1.3) |
8.0% (6.7 to 9.4) |
– |
| Controls | 16.6% (14.5 to 18.9) |
15.7% (13.7 to 18.0) |
0.5%
(0.2 to 1.2) |
0.3%
(0.1 to 0.9) |
14.2%
(12.3 to 16.4) |
11.2%
(9.5 to 13.2) |
0.5% (0.2 to 1.2) |
1.2% (0.7 to 2.1) |
12.0% (10.2 to 14.0) |
0.3% (0.1 to 0.8) |
5.8% (4.6 to 7.4) |
||
| P values | 0.29 | 0.039 | 2.80E-54 | 1.80E-30 | 2.80E-77 | 4.90E-63 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.0032 | 0.19 | 0.034 |
Read rows first followed by columns, for example, of participants with MDD 33.5% also had social anxiety. Significant P -values after multiple testing correction (Bonferroni corrected, significance threshold: 0.05/24=1.7E-3) appear in bold.
*Diagnoses and criteria whose definitions mutually exclude each other (eg, panic attack required for a diagnosis of panic disorder).
†Fisher’s exact test used.
‡Illicit drug or non-medical use of prescription drug. Include cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, inhalants, sedatives or sleeping pills, hallucinogens, opioids, party drugs (ecstasy, ketamine, GHB), over-the-counter/prescription pain killers and analgesics for non-medical purposes, Over-the-counter/prescription stimulants for non-medical purposes, or other.
MDD, major depressive disorder.