Table 2.
Overview of participant characteristics, intervention categories, gait effect sizes, and spatiotemporal parameters
| Study, Year | Participant Demographics | Intervention | Outcome Measures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Age (yrs) | Time Since Stroke | Category | Grp | ES | Spatiotemporal Parameters | |
| Chronic Stroke | |||||||
| Alon, 2011 | 10 | 59 ± 13.25 | 7.7 ± 10.56 (y) | FES | I | 0.33 | Cadence (steps/min), P Single Limb Stance (s) |
| Bowden, 2013 | 27 | 58.74 ± 12.97 | 22.70 ± 16.38 (m) | TSLR | I | 1.11 | P Step Ratio |
| Cha, 2014 | 10 | 59.8 ±11.7 | 14.5 ±5.5 (m) | SST | I | 1.18 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Stride Length (cm)*, P Double Support Period (%)*, NP Stride Length (cm)*, NP Double Support Period (%)* |
| 10 | 63.0 ±14.1 | 14.7±5.4 (m) | C | 0.22 | |||
| Chae, 2011 | 9 | 56.33 | 21.44 ± 6.85 (m) | SST | I | 0.06 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Step length (cm)*, Step Length Asymmetry Ratio, Single Support Time Asymmetry Ratio |
| Chen, 2013 | 15 | 54.8 ± 8.1 | 2.2 ± 2.0 (y) | TSLR | I | 0.61 | Stride Length (m), Cadence (steps/min), Temporal Asymmetry Ratio*, Spatial Asymmetry Ratio |
| Cheng, 2010 | 8 | 52.87 ± 8.74 | 33.6 ± 37.9 (m) | FES | I | 0.71 | Spatial Asymmetry Ratio*, Temporal Asymmetry Ratio |
| Combs-Miller, 2014 | 10 | 65.50 ± 6.17 | 60.00 ± 51.68 (m) | TSLR | C | 0.45 | Step Length Symmetry Ratio, Swing Time Symmetry Ratio*, Stance Time Symmetry Ratio |
| Dunsky, 2008 | 17 | 57.47 ± 9.25 | 45.94 ± 27.14 (m) | V-G T | I | 0.88 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Stride length (cm)*, P Step Length (cm)*, NP Step Length (cm)*, P Single Limb Support (%)*, NP Single Limb Support (%), Double Support (%)*, Gait Symmetry Index (%)* |
| Engardt, 1995 | 10 | 64.6 ± 6.2 | 27.8 ± 12.0 (m) | S/R T | Ib | 0.40 | Swing Phase Duration (%)* |
| Forrester, 2011 | 8 | 62.38 ± 10.45 | 72.5 ± 36.7 (m) | R | I | 0.93 | Stride Length (cm)*, Cadence (steps/min)*, P Single Limb Support (%)*, Double Support (%)* |
| Furnari, 2014 | 20 | 68 ± 3 | 7 ± 1.6 (m) | M-DR | I | 1.20 | Semi-Step Length (cm), Cadence (steps/min)*, Stance Phase (%)*, Swing Phase (%)*, Double Support Phase (%)* |
| 20 | 72 ± 5 | 6 ± 1.4 (m) | C | 0.50 | |||
| Gama, 2015 | 14 | 52.92 ±9.51 | 35.36 ±26.87 (m) | TSLR | I | 0.50 | Cadence (steps/min), Stride Length (m)*, P Step Length (m)*, NP Step Length (m)*, P Stance Time (%), NP Stance Time (%), Double Stance Time (s), P Swing Time (%), NP Swing Time (%), Symmetry Ratio |
| Hornby, 2008 | 24 | 57 ± 10 | 50 ± 51 (m) | R | I | 0.37 | Single Limb Stance (%), Step Asymmetry |
| 24 | 57 ± 11 | 73 ± 87 (m) | C | 0.59 | |||
| Ji, 2014 | 10 | 52.9 ± 9.9 | 7.1 ± 3.4 (m) | FES | Ia | 3.54 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Step Length (cm)*, Stride Length (cm)* |
| 10 | 48.6 ± 8.5 | 7.3 ± 2.9 (m) | Ib | 2.45 | |||
| 10 | 54.6 ± 9.2 | 6.7 ± 2.3 (m) | C | 1.28 | |||
| Ji, 2015 | 16 | 55.2 ±7.5 | 4.3 ± 1.5 (m) | V-G T | I | 0.79 | Single Limb Stance (%)*, Stance Phase (%), Step Length (cm)*, Stride Length (cm)*, Swing Phase (%), Cadence (step/min), Step Width (cm)* |
| 15 | 54.3 ±8.7 | 4.5 ± 1.3 (m) | C | 0.49 | |||
| Jonsdottir, 2010 | 10 | 61.6 ± 13.1 | 5.9 ± 10.5 (y) | SST | I | 1.01 | Stride Length (%h)* |
| Jung, 2015 | 11 | 56.4 ±11.1 | 6.2 ±2.5 (m) | TSLR | I | 0.94 | P Single Limb Support Phase (%)* |
| Kim, 2009 | 12 | 52.42 ± 10.09 | 25.91 ± 9.96 (m) | V-G T | I | 0.75 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Step time (s)*, Swing Time (s), Stance Time (s), Single Limb Support Time (s), Double Limb Support Time (s), Step length (cm)*, Stride length (cm)* |
| Kim, 2012 | 10 | 65.2 ± 6.8 | 15.8 ± 2.3 (m) | SST | I | 2.80 | P Stride Length (cm)*, NP Stride Length (cm)*, Stride Length Ratio*, P Single Limb Support Time (ms)*, NP Single Limb Support Time (ms)*, Single Support Time Ratio* |
| 10 | 64.5 ± 8.1 | 15.3 ± 3.0 (m) | C | 1.75 | |||
| Kim, 2013 | 9 | 55.3 ± 12.1 | 8.3 ± 3.3 (m) | V-G T | Ia | 1.16 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Step Length (cm)*, P Stride Length (cm)*, P Single Limb Support (%)*, P Double Limb Support (%)* |
| 9 | 54.8 ± 8.8 | 7.3 ± 0.7 (m) | Ib | 0.57 | |||
| 9 | 59.8 ± 8.9 | 8.5 ± 3.6 (m) | C | 0.45 | |||
| Kim, 2014 | 17 | 63.9 ± 8.7 | 23.6 ± 2.8 (m) | H | I | 0.67 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Stride Length (cm)*, NP Stride Length (cm)*, P Double Limb Support (%)*, NP Double Limb Support (%)* |
| Kim, 2015 | 10 | 59.20 ± 7.72 | 8.12 ± 4.95 (m) | M-DR | Ia | 0.60 | Cadence (step/min)*, P Stride Length (cm)* Gait Symmetry Ratio*, Double Support Period (%)* |
| 10 | 58.53 ± 11.83 | 7.99 ± 3.85 (m) | Ib | 0.68 | |||
| Lee, C-W, 2014 | 15 | 63.8 ± 6.2 | H | I | 3.25 | Step Length Asymmetry Ratio (%)* | |
| Lee, C-H, 2014 | 10 | 47.9 ± 12.0 | 11.7 ± 4.5 (m) | V-G T | I | 0.95 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Step Length (cm)*, NP Step Length (cm)*, P Stride Length (cm)*, NP Stride Length (cm)* |
| Lee, H-J, 2013 | 15 | 52.47 ± 9.41 | 4.0 ± 0.41 (m) | FES | I | 2.00 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Step Length (cm)*, P Stride Length (cm)* |
| 15 | 56.73 ± 7.24 | 4.07 ± 1.03 (m) | C | 0.95 | |||
| Lee, N-K, 2013 | 14 | 60.3 ± 7.5 | 19.2 ± 5.2 (m) | S/R T | I | 2.43 | Step Length (cm)*, Stride Length (cm)*, Heel-to-heel Base of Support (%)*, Step Time (s)*, Double Support (%)* |
| Lee, S-W, 2013 | 16 | 53.31 ± 8.37 | 56.94 ± 25.73 (m) | SST | I | 0.58 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Step Length (cm)*, P Single Limb Support (s)* |
| 15 | 55.73 ± 8.27 | 49.93 ± 29.97 (m) | C | 0.16 | |||
| Morgan, 2015 | 12 | 56.0 ± 16.8 | 29.3 ± 19.7 (m) | S/R T | I | 0.54 | Cadence*, P Step Length*, NP Step Length* |
| Paoloni, 2010 | 22 | 59.5 ± 13.3 | 1.85 ± 0.59 (y) | SST | I | 0.69 | Cadence (step/min), P Toe-off (%)*, NP Toe-off (%), P Step Length (m), NP Step Length (m), P Stride Length (m)*, NP Stride Length (m)*, P Step Width (m), NP Step Width (m), P Swing Velocity (m/s), NP Swing Velocity (m/s)* |
| Park, 2013 | 13 | 58.46 ± 8.53 | 53.15 ± 7.28 (m) | SST | I | 0.75 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Step Length (cm)*, NP Step Length (cm)*, P Stride Length (cm)*, NP Stride Length (cm)* |
| Park, 2014 | 15 | 71.2 ±3.46 | 18.66 ±2.46 (m) | SST | I | 0.47 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Step Length (cm)*, P Stride Length (cm)* |
| Patterson, 2008 | 39 | 64 ± 8 | 20.55 ± 64 (m) | AT | I | 0.34 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Stride length (cm)*, P Step Length (cm)*, NP Step Length (cm)*, P Step Time (s)*, NP Step Time (s)*, P Stance (%)*, NP Stance (%), Double Limb Support (%)*, P Swing (%)*, NP Swing (%), Asymmetry Ratios |
| Sabut, 2010 | 16 | 49.5 ± 8.9 | 20 (m) | FES | I | 0.46 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Step Length (cm)*, Stride Length (cm)* |
| 14 | 47.1 ± 12.4 | 15 (m) | C | 0.26 | |||
| Seo, 2012 | 20 | 61.5 ± 2.8 | 5.1 ± 4.8 | TSLR | I | 3.00 | Step Time (s)*, Double Limb Support (%)*, Stance Phase (%)*, Step Length (cm)*, Heel-to-heel Base of Support (%)*, Step/Extremity Ratio (%)* |
| Shim, 2012 | 17 | 65.59 ± 5.81 | 16.29 ± 2.62 (m) | MDTT | I | 0.97 | Cadence (steps/min)*, P Step Length (cm)*, NP Step Length (cm)*, P Stride Length (cm)*, NP Stride Length (cm)*, P Single Limb Support (%)*, NP Single Limb Support (%)*, P Double Limb Support (%)*, NP Double Limb Support (%)* |
| 16 | 61.56 ± 6.17 | 17.44 ± 3.67 (m) | C | 0.31 | |||
| Sousa, 2011 | 12 | 53.2 ± 7.5 | 4.6 ± 3.0 (y) | TSLR | I | 0.57 | P Step Length (m)*, NP Step Length (m), P Stride Length (m)*, NP Stride Length (m)*, P Stride Speed (m/s)*, NP Stride Speed (m/s)*, Double Limb Stance (%), P Single Limb Support (%), NP Single Limb Support (%) |
| Teixeira-Salmela, 2001 | 13 | 67.7 ± 9.2 | 7.7 ± 9.4 (y) | M-DR | I | 0.41 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Stride Length (m)*, Double Support (%), Stance (%), Symmetry Ratio |
| Westlake, 2009 | 8 | 58.6 ± 16.9 | 43.8 ± 26.8 (m) | R | I | 0.32 | P Step Length Ratio* |
| Yang, 2005 | 13 | 63.38 ± 7.7 | 5.45 ± 3.03 (m) | TSLR | I | 1.29 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Stride Length (m)*, Gait Cycle (s)*, Temporal Symmetry Index* |
| 12 | 63.42 ± 11.06 | 7.33 ± 2.42 (m) | C | 0.25 | |||
| Yang, 2007 | 13 | 59.46 ± 11.83 | 4.08 ± 3.13 (y) | MDTT | I | 1.50 | Cadence (steps/min)*, Stride Time (s)*, Stride Length (cm)*, Temporal Symmetry Index |
| Yom, 2015 | 10 | 64.6 | 11.14 (m) | V-G T | I | 0.70 | Cadence (step/sec)*, Step Length (cm)*, Stride Length (cm)*, Stance Time (%)*, Swing Time (%)*, Double Limb Support (%)* |
| 10 | 78.1 | 11.63 (m) | C | 0.20 | |||
| You, 2012 | 13 | 61.46 ± 5.12 | 13.30 ± 3.35 (m) | S/R T | I | 1.81 | P Step Time (s)*, Cycle Time (s)*, P Step Length (cm)*, Stride length (cm)*, P Swing (%)*, P Stance (%)* |
| 14 | 59.07 ± 4.66 | 11.35 ± 2.84 (m) | C | 1.26 | |||
| Chronic and Sub-Acute Stroke | |||||||
| Holleran, 2014 | 10 | 55 ± 8.8 | 42 ± 58 (m) | AT | Ia | 0.88 | Single Limb Stance (%)*, Step Length Symmetry (%) |
| 12 | 52 ± 13 | 3.2 ± 1.8 (m) | Ib | 1.22 | |||
| Sub-Acute Stroke | |||||||
| Forrester, 2014 | 18 | 63.3 ± 2.3 | 11.9 ± 1.5 (d) | R | I | 6.03 | P Step Time (s)*, NP Step Time (s)*, Step-time Symmetry* P Step Length (cm)*, NP Step Length (cm)*, Step-length Symmetry |
| 16 | 60.0 ± 3.1 | 10.8 ± 1.2 (d) | C | 4.47 | |||
| Lee, I-H, 2015 | 31 | 65.45 ± 4.37 | 40.93 ± 8.67 (d) | TSLR | Ia | 2.00 | P Step Length (m)*, NP Step Length (m)*
Step Width (m), Cadence (steps/min)* |
| 30 | 63.16 ± 8.22 | 34.77 ± 4.48 (d) | Ib | 2.17 | |||
| Verma, 2011 | 15 | 53.27 ± 8.53 | 6.07 ± 3.30 (w) | M-DR | I | 2.13 | Cadence*, Step Length Asymmetry (cm), Stride Length Asymmetry (cm) |
| 15 | 55.07 ± 6.80 | 6.60 ± 3.20 (w) | C | 0.57 | |||
*
denotes statistically significant change in mechanistic outcome measure
Mean ± SD
Time Since Stroke: d: days; w: weeks; m: months; y: years; Intervention Categories: AT: Aerobic Training; FES: Functional Electrical Stimulation; H: Hippotherapy; MDTT: Motor Dual Task Training; M-DR: Multi-dimensional Rehabilitation; R: Robotics; SST: Sensory Stimulation Training; S/R T: Strength/Resistance Training; TSLR: Task Specific Locomotor Rehabilitation; V-G T: Visually-Guided Training. Intervention Groups: I: Intervention; C: Control; Outcome Measures: ES: Effect Size; Spatiotemporal Parameters: P: Paretic; NP: Non-Paretic.