Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the included MESA population (N=3,876), according to the presence of NAFLD on baseline computed tomograhy (CT) scan
| Variable* | Full cohort N = 3,876 |
Non-NAFLD N=3,208 |
NAFLD N=668 |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age, years | 63.0 (10.4) | 63.3 (10.5) | 61.2 (9.6) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Female sex, % | 2192 (56.6%) | 1822 (56.8%) | 370 (55.4%) | 0.445 |
|
| ||||
| Race/ethnicity, % | <0.00001 | |||
| • Caucasian | 1438 (37.1%) | 1221 (38.1%) | 217 (32.5%) | |
| • African American | 1157 (29.9%) | 1024 (31.9%) | 133 (19.9%) | |
| • Hispanic | 896 (23.1%) | 657 (20.5%) | 239 (35.8%) | |
| • Chinese American | 385 (9.9%) | 306 (9.5%) | 79 (11.8%) | |
|
| ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.6 (5.4) | 28.0 (5.2) | 31.2 (5.5) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Waist circumference, cm | 98.7 (14.1) | 97.3 (13.8) | 105.8 (13.5) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes, % | 507 (13.1%) | 359 (11.2%) | 148 (22.2%) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension, % | 1821 (47.0%) | 1466 (45.7%) | 355 (53.1%) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 127.4 (21.6) | 126.9 (21.7) | 129.8 (20.8) | 0.0017 |
|
| ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 71.7 (10.1) | 71.4 (10.0) | 73.3 (10.5) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Metabolic syndrome3, % | 1490 (38.4%) | 1054 (32.9%) | 436 (65.3%) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Dyslipidemia, % | 646 (16.7%) | 526 (16.4%) | 120 (18.0%) | 0.338 |
|
| ||||
| Any lipid-lowering medication use, % | 646 (16.7%) | 526 (16.4%) | 120 (18.0%) | 0.338 |
|
| ||||
| CKD4, % | 396 (10.2%) | 339 (10.6%) | 57 (8.5%) | 0.114 |
|
| ||||
| Daily alcohol intake1 | 0.291 (0.46) | 0.295 (0.45) | 0.274 (0.448) | 0.279 |
|
| ||||
| Current Smoking, % | 435 (11.2%) | 363 (11.3%) | 72 (10.8%) | 0.158 |
|
| ||||
| No. of pack-years2 | 21.3 (22.7) | 21.2 (22.5) | 22.0 (24.1) | 0.590 |
|
| ||||
| Physical activity, MET-MIN/week | 5813 (5848) | 5833 (5846) | 5715 (5857) | 0.635 |
|
| ||||
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
|
| ||||
| HOMA-IR | 1.78 (2.2) | 1.55 (2.1) | 2.88 (2.1) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 97.9 (31.0) | 95.8 (28.8) | 108.2 (38.4) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Estimated GFR | 80.7 (17.7) | 79.9 (17.4) | 84.6 (18.8) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 50.7 (14.7) | 51.9 (14.9) | 44.6 (12.0) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 117.4 (31.4) | 117.8 (31.4) | 115.7 (31.1) | 0.126 |
|
| ||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 132.6 (94.5) | 122.3 (70.2) | 182.0 (158.7) | <0.00001 |
|
| ||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 194.2 (35.6) | 194.1 (34.8) | 194.6 (39.2) | 0.757 |
Abbreviations: NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MET-MIN/week, metabolic equivalent minutes per week
All variables reported as mean (SD), unless listed otherwise
Daily alcohol intake defined as the number of drinks per day among individuals reporting current and/or prior consumption of alcohol
Number of pack-years among current and former smokers
Metabolic syndrome was defined as per the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute criteria as ≥ 3 of the following: waist circumference (≥102cm in men and ≥88cm in women); triglycerides ≥ 150mg/dL or use of medication for hypertriglyceridemia; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 40mg/dL in men or < 50mg/dL in women or use of medication for reduced HDL-C; hypertension defined by systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥85mmHg or anti-hypertensive medication use; and elevated fasting blood glucose ≥100mg/dL or anti-diabetic medication use 21.
CKD defined as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≤ 60 (http://www.renal.org/information-resources/the-uk-eckd-guide/ckd-stages#sthash.FpCujZ1A.dpbs)