Fig 2. Inflammatory profile of patients with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria exhibiting abnormally high levels of creatinine.

(A) Overall profile of plasma concentrations of several biochemical parameters, cytokines and chemokines in uninfected controls (n = 165) as well as in vivax malaria patients presenting with creatinine levels within the normal range (n = 90) or abnormally elevated (n = 89). Data were processed using hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method) with 100X bootstrap. Dendograms represent hierarchical distance. Asterisks indicate parameters which were statistically different between the groups of malaria patients with normal or elevated creatinine levels assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Scatter plots of these parameters are shown in (B). The IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, which has been shown to correlate with the inflammatory imbalance in vivax malaria (4), was also compared between the study groups. Bars represent median values.