Table 2. Biochemical evaluation of Plasmodium vivax malaria patients with elevated or normal creatinine levels.
| Parameter | Elevated Creatinine Levels | Normal Creatinine Levels | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 89* | 90* | |
| TNF-α– pg/mL | 39.40 (20.75–83.80) | 33.55 (12.55–78.85) | 0.4221 |
| IFN-γ– pg/mL | 132.00 (35.00–333.50) | 85.48 (40.15–321.5) | 0.5326 |
| IL-1β– pg/mL | 11.40 (5.925–29.40) | 10.09 (5.575–21.80) | 0.2784 |
| IL-4– pg/mL | 28.47 (18.37–113.30) | 31.25 (16.16–97.15) | 0.6477 |
| IL-6– pg/mL | 69.20 (22.15–140.40) | 59.10 (29.13–104.10) | 0.5517 |
| IL-8– pg/mL | 32.50 (6.14–190.0) | 20.54 (5.183–69.63) | 0.1632 |
| IL-10– pg/mL | 9.69 (6.43–36.83) | 19.70 (6.50–59.54) | 0.0665 |
| IFN-γ/IL-10– AU | 5.720 (1.675–25.21) | 3.334 (1.181–6.558) | 0.0306 |
| IL-12p70– pg/mL | 20.94 (10.20–33.35) | 20.45 (15.73–30.30) | 0.8953 |
| CRP–mg/L | 21.30 (9.45–38.45) | 11.20 (7.125–29.58) | 0.0057 |
| CCL2 (MCP-1)–ng/mL | 73.10 (21.21–161.4) | 61.24 (22.99–143.6) | 0.7917 |
| CCL5 (RANTES)–μg/mL | 25739 (18530–79892) | 24982 (14214–50209) | 0.2061 |
| CXCL9 (MIG)–ng/mL | 2386 (507–11548) | 2120 (368.1–6854) | 0.2424 |
| CXCL10– pg/mL | 71.30 (26.07–445.8) | 77.55 (25.17–273.9) | 0.3810 |
| Fibrinogen–mg/dL | 400.2 (274.2–497.5) | 309.5 (218.1–478.1) | 0.0539 |
| AST–U/L | 167.4 (87.62–642.8) | 166.3 (68.97–428.4) | 0.3200 |
| ALT–U/L | 190.3 (133.7–495.2) | 177.6 (112.6–352.2) | 0.1842 |
| Total Bilirubin–mg/dL | 1.300 (0.965–2.100) | 0.910 (0.687–1.725) | 0.0109 |
| Elevated Total Bilirubin–no. (%) | 36 (40.45) | 25 (27.78) | 0.0841 |
| Elevated Total Bilirubin–mg/dL | 2.45 (1.825–3.150) | 3.00 (2.25–3.60) | 0.1562 |
| Direct Bilirubin-mg/dL–mg/dL | 0.500 (0.300–0.900) | 0.400 (0.200–0.700) | 0.0054 |
| Indirect Bilirubin-mg/dL–mg/dL | 0.800 (0.530–1.300) | 0.625 (0.400–1.125) | 0.0690 |
| Elevated Indirect Bilirubin–mg/dL | 1.5 (1.4–2.2) | 2.3 (1.6–2.7) | 0.0353 |
| Elevated Indirect Bilirubin–no. (%) | 24 (26.96) | 19 (21.11) | 0.3860 |
| Free Heme*– μM | 29.88 (15.67–44.82) | 35.75 (25.24–55.06) | 0.1332 |
| Haptoglobin*–ng/mL | 1470 (1128–2136) | 1582 (1121–1810) | 0.6063 |
Data represents interquartile range, except for count/frequency of patients with Elevated Indirect or Total bilirubin, shown in percentage for each respective column. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, while frequency data were compared using the exact Fisher’s test. Subjects were classified as having elevated creatinine levels if serum creatinine values were above 1.24mg/dL for women, and 1.29mg/dL for men; elevated total or indirect bilirubin levels were considered if values were higher than 1.5mg/dL or 1.2mg/dL respectively. AU = arbitrary unit.
*variables presented different number of patients from which data was available for: data of 29 and 28 patients presented elevated and normal creatinine levels respectively in the Free Heme– μM row, while 33 and 35 patients presented elevated and normal creatinine levels respectively in the Haptoglobin-–ng/mL row.