Fig 5. The interactive influence of metformin on Bifidobacterium genus in men with T2D and using or not using opioids.

Data are pair-wise comparisons for the relative sequence abundance of Bifidobacterium. The differential subgroup analysis was done using edgeR, the false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted p values (q values) were calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction. Abbreviations: 0/1 = factor absent/present. CPM = count per million, MF = metformin, Substance = opioids. (A) 6.74 log2 fold increase in Bifidobacterium in opioid users vs. non-users when both groups are not taking metformin (q = 2.2 x 10⁻⁸). (B) No difference between opioid users vs. non-users when both groups are taking metformin.