Table 1. Subject characteristics.
| Characteristics | Op-/DM- | Op-/DM+/MF- | Op-/DM+/MF+ | Op+/DM- | Op+/DM+/MF- | Op+/DM+/MF+ | Overall p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 24 | N = 11 | N = 19 | N = 28 | N = 5 | N = 6 | ||
| General | |||||||
| Age, yr | 54.6 ± 7.3 | 57.5 ± 6.6 | 58.2 ± 4.5 | 56.1 ± 4.3 | 58.4 ± 3.7 | 56.6 ± 4.7 | 0.473 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130.8 ± 13.8 | 136.1 ± 23.4 | 134.5 ± 15.8 | 127.8 ± 15.7 | 134.9 ± 8.1 | 142.2 ± 12.6 | 0.243 |
| DBP, mmHg | 76.1 ± 10.6 | 77.1 ± 10.1 | 75.7 ± 838 | 79.3 ± 11.9 | 80.1 ± 7.6 | 77.9 ± 10.3 | 0.794 |
| Body weight, kg | 83.1 ± 14.1 | 107.3 ± 9.7** | 111.4 ± 15.4 | 81.3 ± 13.7 | 112.8 ± 14.6** | 102.6 ± 15.7* | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 4.0 | 35.6 ± 2.4** | 35.3 ± 3.4** | 27.1 ± 3.8 | 36.2 ± 2.9** | 34.6 ± 2.9** | <0.0001 |
| WHR | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.04** | 1.05 ± 0.08** | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 1.03 ± 0.04** | 1.04 ± 0.09** | <0.0001 |
| Total Fat, % | 24.8 ± 7.8 | 35.6 ± 4.6** | 36.1 ± 5.7** | 25.3 ± 7.6 | 35.6 ± 3.4** | 32.8 ± 5.8** | <0.0001 |
| Android Fat, % | 30.4 ± 12.3 | 47.3 ± 6.2** | 47.6 ± 7.9** | 30.5 ± 11.9 | 47.2 ± 4.8** | 43.5 ± 7.5** | <0.0001 |
| Gynoid Fat, % | 26.1 ± 7.1 | 34.5 ± 4.6** | 35.4 ± 5.5** | 26.5 ± 7.4 | 34.7 ± 4.3* | 32.5 ± 5.5** | <0.0001 |
| A/G fat ratio | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1** | 1.3 ± 0.1** | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2** | 1.3 ± 0.1* | 0.001 |
| Charlson index | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 0.39 |
| N of all meds | 7.7 ± 6.8 | 7.5 ± 4.3 | 10.3 ± 6.6 | 9.5 ± 8.4 | 9.8 ± 5.1 | 9.1 ± 7.0 | 0.808 |
| Glycemic | |||||||
| HbA1c, % | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.3** | 6.9 ± 0.4** | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 6.7 ± 0.3** | 6.7 ± 0.2** | <0.0001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 94.0 ± 16.7 | 112.5 ± 14.7** | 126.2 ± 20.0** | 94.8 ± 11.1 | 137.7 ± 34.4** | 115.6 ± 17.1** | <0.0001 |
| F Insulin, mIU/L | 10.7 ± 8.0 | 28.0 ± 14.0* | 20.1 ± 10.4 | 9.8 ± 10.4 | 61.2 ± 81.1** | 19.5 ± 9.4 | 0.0001 |
| F C-peptide, pmol/L | 385.1 ± 377.2 | 1209.2 ± 575.0** | 998.3 ± 355.9** | 400.3 ± 393.1 | 1549.5 ± 731.3** | 752.4 ± 244.3* | <0.0001 |
| F proinsulin, pmol/L | 16.6 ± 5.8 | 31.8 ± 11.6 | 37.8 ± 16.4** | 21.9 ± 24.9 | 53.8 ± 35.3** | 28.9 ± 13.8 | 0.0005 |
| OGIS | 451.1 ± 73.1 | 343.1 ± 81.5** | 330.8 ± 65.8** | 438.2 ± 86.8 | 279.7 ± 54.4** | 298.6 ± 114.5** | <0.0001 |
| Insulinogenic index | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 2.0* | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.012 |
| AUC glucose x1000 | 21.7 ± 6.1 | 28.7 ± 5.7** | 34.0 ± 8.1** | 20.0 ± 4.5 | 38.6 ± 12.1** | 32.3 ± 10.9** | <0.0001 |
| AUC insulin x1000 | 9.1 ± 5.6 | 15.6 ± 7.6* | 11.0 ± 4.8 | 9.3 ± 7.9 | 25.8 ± 18.6** | 12.4 ± 5.5 | <0.0001 |
| Lipids, chemistry | |||||||
| TC, mg/dL | 179.4 ± 34.9 | 161.7 ± 45.3 | 159.9 ± 45.3 | 166.1 ± 34.7 | 167.6 ± 39.6 | 150.3 ± 49.6 | 0.534 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 110.4 ± 89.6 | 120.6 ± 61.5 | 171.2 ± 105.0* | 94.8 ± 49.8 | 193.1 ± 118.6* | 109.6 ± 25.5 | 0.011 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 62.8 ± 19.4 | 46.3 ± 9.9** | 44.0 ± 9.9** | 56.6 ± 19.0 | 42.9 ± 8.3** | 44.9 ± 11.0** | 0.0006 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 96.4 ± 25.8 | 91.5 ± 37.1 | 90.6 ± 28.0 | 90.6 ± 34.2 | 95.3 ± 35.7 | 83.7 ± 41.6 | 0.948 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.093 |
| AST/ALT ratio | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.38 |
| Hormones | |||||||
| Testosterone, ng/dl | 404.6 ± 171.5 | 262.2 ± 115.7** | 229.5 ± 120.2** | 344.1 ± 125.4 | 266.8 ± 90.9* | 293.4 ± 165.1* | 0.002 |
| Leptin, ng/ml | 10.5 ± 11.9 | 27.6 ± 14.8** | 30.4 ± 20.0** | 10.7 ± 8.9 | 37.1 ± 13.2** | 26.3 ± 18.6** | <0.0001 |
| Oxytocin, pg/mg | 8.1 ± 7.2 | 5.7 ± 5.3 | 6.4 ± 7.9 | 10.0 ± 7.0 | 5.8 ± 5.1 | 9.3 ± 4.7 | 0.219 |
| 25OHD, ng/mL | 17.1 ± 6.1 | 12.1 ± 7.4 | 17.1 ± 7.8 | 15.4 ± 6.3 | 12.4 ± 6.9 | 18.2 ± 7.1 | 0.167 |
| CRP, mg/L | 6.0 ± 10.0 | 9.9 ± 13.0 | 4.6 ± 2.9 | 4.9 ± 5.6 | 3.9 ± 4.2 | 3.8 ± 5.0 | 0.415 |
| Medical, N [%] | |||||||
| Current smoking | 4 [16.7] | 4 [36.4] | 8 [44.4] | 15 [53.5]* | 2 [25] | 2 [22.2] | 0.114 |
| Overweight | 9 [33.3] | 0 [0.0] | 1 [5.3]* | 13 [46.4] | 0 [0.0] | 0 [0.0] | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 4 [16.7] | 11 [100.0] | 18 [94.7]** | 5 [17.9] | 8 [100.0] | 9 [100.0] | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 11 [50.0] | 8 [72.7] | 18 [94.7]** | 13 [54.2] | 5 [71.4] | 7 [77.8] | 0.02 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 9 [37.5] | 6 [54.6] | 15 [79.0]** | 11 [39.9] | 6 [75.0] | 8 [89.0]* | 0.007 |
| CVD | 3 [12.5] | 1 [9.1] | 5 [26.3] | 4 [14.3] | 3 [37.5] | 2 [22.2] | 0.495 |
| OSA | 6 [25.0] | 3 [27.3] | 11 [57.9] | 6 [35.3] | 3 [37.5] | 3 [33.3] | 0.168 |
| Any psych disorder | 15 [62.5] | 4 [36.4] | 10 [52.6] | 26 [92.9]* | 4 [50.0] | 6 [66.7] | 0.003 |
| Depression | 11 [45.8] | 3 [27.7] | 3 [15.8]* | 13 [46.4] | 0 [0.0] | 4 [44.4] | 0.041 |
| PTSD | 8 [33.3] | 1 [9.1] | 0 [0.0] | 13 [46.4] | 2 [25.0] | 1 [11.1] | 0.002 |
| Other psych | 7 [29.2] | 2 [18.2] | 4 [21.1] | 9 [32.1] | 0 [0.0] | 2 [22.2] | 0.565 |
| Any medication | 18 [75.0] | 11 [100.0] | 18 [94.7] | 24 [85.7] | 8 [8.1 | 9 [100.0] | 0.192 |
Data are Mean ± SD or N [%]
*p<0.05, and
**p<0.01.
For categorical variables data are number [%] for “yes” answer, Fisher’s exact test was used for composite overall p (p-value) and logistic regression was used for between group comparisons with Op-/DM- serving as reference group. For continuous variables ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment was used for a composite overall p-value, and linear regression was used for between group comparisons with Op-/DM- serving as reference group. Abbreviations: 25OHD = 25-hydroxyvitamin D, HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c, A/G = Android/Gynoid, AUC = area under the curve, BMI = Body mass index, Charlson index = index of chronic disease, Cr = Creatinine, CRP = C reactive protein, CVD = Cardiovascular disease, DBP = Diastolic blood pressure, DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus, F = fasting, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, N = number, OGIS = Oral glucose insulin sensitivity (Mari’s index), Op = Opioid use, OSA = Obstructive sleep apnea, Psych = psychiatric, PTSD = Post-traumatic stress disorder, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, TC = Total cholesterol, WHR = waist to hip ratio.