Table 3. Comparison of the gut microbiota among groups.
| Groups | Op- | Op- | Op- | Op+ | Op+ | Op+ | P overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM- | DM+/MF- | DM+/MF+ | DM-/ | DM+/MF- | DM+/MF+ | ||
| N per group | 23 | 11 | 21 | 27 | 8 | 9 | |
| Class | |||||||
| Actinobacteria | 110.5 | 3.6 | 28.7 | 82.5 | 285.3 | 47.6 | <0.0001* |
| Order | |||||||
| Bifidobacteriales | 107 | 2.2 | 25.9 | 79.3 | 282 | 41.6 | <0.0001* |
| Lactobacillales | 41.5 | 4.1 | 57 | 70.6 | 262.9 | 100.5 | 0.02 |
| Family | |||||||
| Bifidobacteriaceae | 107 | 2.2 | 25.9 | 9.3 | 282 | 41.6 | <0.0001* |
| Paraprevotellaceae | 52.4 | 176.3 | 106.5 | 109.1 | 14.4 | 194 | 0.07 |
| Genus | |||||||
| Prevotella; Prevotella | 308.8 | 512.4 | 213.6 | 467.5 | 236 | 573.5 | 0.09 |
| Paraprevo; Paraprevotella | 25.7 | 137.7 | 71.1 | 79.1 | 0.4 | 136.5 | 0.05 |
| Bifido; Bifidobacterium | 107 | 2.2 | 25.8 | 79.2 | 281.7 | 41.4 | <0.0001* |
| Veillo; Dialister | 36.4 | 67.8 | 99.5 | 107 | 162 | 96.6 | 0.07 |
| Veillo; Phascolarctobacterium | 70 | 48.4 | 72 | 100.9 | 12 | 150.3 | 0.08 |
| Species | |||||||
| Prevotella;s_copri | 242.9 | 349.9 | 143.9 | 349.7 | 162.7 | 433.8 | 0.03 |
Data are taxon sequence abundance adjusted relative to 5600 counts per sample. Six groups are defined by opioid use, T2D, and metformin use. The ‘P overall’ provides composite effect among six groups.
*P value for FDR = 0.013.
For statistics Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was applied and false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P values were calculated. To assess which groups were impacted when p was significant the differential analysis was performed using edgeR. Abbreviations: Op = Opioid, DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus, MF = Metformin.