Table 3. The behavioural categories utilised for the PCA.

BEHAVIOURAL CATEGORIES	BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS
1. Activity	Standing, walking, trotting, galloping, entering the indoor and going out into the outdoor part of the cage.
2. Aggressivity towards humans	Growling, sideways glance, piloerection, curling lip, showing teeth, dashing at bars*.
3. Anxiety (3.1. plus 3.2.)	3.1. Body shaking, scratching, muzzle licking, yawning, spinning in place*, autogrooming; 3.2. repetitive pacing in circles, licking or biting bars and object repeatedly, catching “invisible flies”, coprophagy, self-mutilation.
3.1. Displacement activities
3.2. Stereotyped or repetitive behaviour
4. Attentiveness (4.1. plus 4.2.)	4.1. Raising ears, looking outside the cage, looking outside the cage carefully, looking at the observer, at unknown people, at the volunteer, at another dog, raising one foreleg, raising both forelegs on the wall or on the bars; 4.2. smelling their environment, smelling the air, smelling the observer, smelling unknown people, smelling the volunteer, smelling another dog.
4.1. Attention
4.2. Olfactory investigation
5. Dominance towards humans	Staring at, tail still, stiff body, raised tail, wagging with the tail held high, pricked-up ears (all directed towards humans).
6. Dominance generic	Staring at, tail still, stiff body, raised tail, wagging with the tail held high; pricked-up ears (not directed to a specific recipient), urinating with a raised leg.
7. Subordination towards humans	Avoiding eye contact, lowering head, flattening ears, cringing, holding the tail down or tightly between the hind legs and against the belly, laying down on the back exposing the ventral side of the chest and sometimes the abdomen, walking backwards (all directed towards humans).
8. Subordination generic	Flattening ears, cringing, holding the tail down or tightly between the hind legs and against the belly, laying down on the back exposing the ventral side of the chest and sometimes the abdomen, walking backwards (not directed towards a specific recipient).
9. Vocal communicability	Barking, whining, grumbling, mumbling, howling, snorting.
10. Sociability towards humans	Wagging the tail, presenting a paw, soliciting to be cuddled, leaning on bars (all directed towards humans).
11. Sociability generic	Wagging tail (not directed towards a specific recipient).
12. Quiet-laziness	Sitting, laying, dozing.
Playing*	Inviting to play, answering inviting to play, showing object.

*Behavioural patterns excluded from the PCA because they were performed too rarely.