Table 2. Characteristics associated with prevalence of hypertension among 1,664 HIV-infected patients attending the UAB 1917 HIV Clinic in 2013.
| Characteristic | Hypertension | No Hypertension | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysisc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 766) | (n = 898) | |||||
| n (%)a or | n (%)a or | Prevalence ratio | p-value | Prevalence ratio | p-value | |
| median (IQR)b | median (IQR)b | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | |||
| Age, years | ||||||
| <40 | 90 (21.1) | 336 (78.9) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| 40–59 | 543 (51.0) | 522 (49.0) | 2.41 (1.99–2.93) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.70–2.53) | <0.001 |
| ≥60 | 133 (76.9) | 40 (23.1) | 3.64 (2.98–4.45) | <0.001 | 2.76 (2.21–3.45) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 200 (52.6) | 180 (47.4) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Male | 566 (44.1) | 718 (55.9) | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | 0.002 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.63 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 331 (43.0) | 439 (57.0) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| African American | 435 (48.7) | 459 (51.3) | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) | 0.02 | 1.25 (1.12–1.39) | <0.001 |
| HIV transmission risk factor | ||||||
| Heterosexual | 307 (52.6) | 277 (47.4) | 1.00 | - | - | - |
| MSM | 385 (42.5) | 520 (57.5) | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | 0.001 | - | - |
| IVDU | 63 (43.7) | 81 (56.3) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.07 | - | - |
| Insurance status | ||||||
| Private | 330 (50.8) | 319 (49.2) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Public | 275 (50.8) | 266 (49.2) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 0.62 |
| None | 161 (34.0) | 313 (66.0) | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.08 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
| Normal/Underweight (<25) | 231 (35.3) | 424 (64.7) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 259 (47.4) | 287 (52.6) | 1.34 (1.17–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.002 |
| Obese (≥30) | 276 (59.6) | 187 (40.4) | 1.69 (1.48–1.92) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.35–1.76) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
| No | 636 (42.9) | 848 (57.1) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 124 (73.4) | 45 (26.6) | 1.71 (1.54–1.91) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| No | 645 (42.7) | 867 (57.3) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 121 (79.6) | 31 (20.4) | 1.87 (1.69–2.06) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.15–1.45) | <0.001 |
| History of CVD | ||||||
| No | 680 (44.1) | 862 (55.9) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 86 (70.5) | 36 (29.5) | 1.60 (1.41–1.82) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | <0.001 |
| Duration of ART, years | 8.2 (4.2–13.1) | 5.1 (2.7–9.6) | 1.18 (1.13–1.22)d | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14)d | <0.001 |
| CD4 count, cells/μL | ||||||
| ≥200 | 720 (47.1) | 810 (52.9) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| <200 | 44 (34.7) | 83 (65.3) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | 0.01 | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) | 0.16 |
| HIV viral load, copies/mL | ||||||
| ≥200 | 64 (32.6) | 132 (67.4) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| <200 | 698 (47.9) | 760 (52.1) | 1.46 (1.19–1.80) | <0.001 | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 0.07 |
| Time in care at HIV clinic, years | 8.3 (4.3–13.6) | 5.5 (2.8–10.6) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06)d | <0.001 | - | - |
| Cumulative visits in last 12 months | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–3) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07)d | 0.03 | - | - |
| Current smoking | ||||||
| No | 410 (49.0) | 426 (51.0) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 160 (39.3) | 247 (60.7) | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) | 0.002 | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.47 |
| Missing | 196 (46.6) | 225 (53.4) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.41 | 0.87 (0.67–1.15) | 0.33 |
| At risk alcohol use | ||||||
| No | 456 (46.4) | 527 (53.6) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 106 (42.7) | 142 (57.3) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 0.31 | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 0.07 |
| Missing | 204 (47.1) | 142 (57.3) | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.80 | 1.24 (1.00–1.55) | 0.05 |
| Current substance abuse | ||||||
| No | 528 (46.9) | 597 (53.1) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 26 (29.5) | 62 (70.5) | 0.63 (0.45–0.87) | 0.006 | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.03 |
| Missing | 212 (47.0) | 239 (53.0) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.98 | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.55 |
| Current depression | ||||||
| No | 489 (45.5) | 586 (54.5) | 1.00 | - | - | - |
| Yes | 94 (44.5) | 117 (55.5) | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 0.80 | - | - |
| Missing | 183 (48.4 | 195 (51.6) | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 0.32 | - | - |
aRow percents
bMedian with first and third quartiles
cThe multivariable model included clinically relevant variables selected a priori (age, sex, race ethnicity, BMI, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol abuse, ART duration) in combination with additional variables demonstrating a moderate statistical association (p<0.80 or >1.20) with hypertension in univariate analyses (insurance status, CD4, HIV viral load).
dPer each 5 year increase in ART duration, 1 year increase in time under care at the clinic, and 1 visit increase in visit frequency.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; IVDU, intravenous drug use; MSM, men who have sex with men; PR, prevalence ratio (log binomial regression); UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Missing data: HIV transmission risk factor, 30 (plus 1 patient excluded for risk factor of hemophilia/blood transfusion); chronic kidney disease, 11; CD4 cell count, 7; VL, 10.