Table 4. Odds ratios with 95% confidential intervals in the association between socioeconomic status and hearing loss in adults aged 25–59 years in rural areas.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variables | |||
| Occupation | |||
| White collar | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Farming | 1.2(0.9,1.6) | 1.2(0.9,1.6) | 0.8(0.6,1.1) |
| Blue collar | 1.4(1,1.9) | 1.4(1.0,1.9) | 1.3(0.9,1.9) |
| Other | 1.3(0.8,2.3) | 1.4(0.8,2.4) | 1.1(0.6,1.8) |
| Unemployed | 2.0(1.4,3.0) *** | 2.2(1.5,3.3) *** | 1.5(1.0,2.3)* |
| Education | |||
| Senior high school or above | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Junior high school | 1.4(1.1,1.7) ** | 1.3(1.1,1.6) ** | 1.0(0.8,1.3) |
| Primary school | 2.5(2.0,3.1) *** | 2.5(2.0,3.1) *** | 1.2(1.0,1.5) |
| Illiteracy | 3.8(2.9,5.0) *** | 4.1(3.1,5.5) *** | 1.6(1.2,2.1) ** |
| Income | |||
| Quintile 1 (highest) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Quintile 2 | 1.0(0.8,1.3) | 1.0(0.8,1.3) | 1.1(0.9,1.5) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.7(0.6,0.9) ** | 0.7(0.6,0.9) * | 0.9(0.7,1.1) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.8(0.6,1.0) | 0.8(0.6,1.0) | 1.1(0.8,1.4) |
| Quintile 5 (lowest) | 0.8(0.6,1.0) * | 0.8(0.6,1.0) * | 1.1(0.9,1.4) |
| Covariates | |||
| Gender | |||
| Female | Reference | Reference | |
| Male | 1.4(1.3,1.6) *** | 1.3(1.2,1.5) *** | |
| Having spouse | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes | 1.2(1.0,1.5) | 0.7(0.6,0.9) ** | |
| Age group, years | |||
| 20–29 | Reference | ||
| 30–39 | 2.4(1.6,3.4) *** | ||
| 40–49 | 7.5(5.4,10.6) *** | ||
| 50–59 | 19.0(13.5,26.8) *** | ||
Note: Model 1 adjusted for occupation, education, and income; Model 2 adjusted for occupation, education, income, gender, and marital status; Model 3 adjusted for occupation, education, income, gender, marital status, and age group.
*P<0.05
**P <0.01
***P <0.001.