Figure 5.

Validation of MID calculation of ultra-low ¹³C enriched plasma metabolites of subject 1 (S1), subject 2 (S2), and subject 3 (S3)—(a) Wheat bread with 2% of ¹³C-labeled wheat flour is composed of ¹³C-labeled starch and ¹³C-labeled protein. The labeled hydrolysis products, labeled glucose (black) and free labeled amino acids (red) enter metabolism; and (b) enrichment patterns of the plasma metabolites glucose (M6), lactate (M3), citrate (M2), alanine (M3), glutamate (M2) and glutamate (M5) can be measured by GC-MS. Lac—lactate, Ala—alanine, OxAc—oxaloacetate, Cit—citrate, aKG—alpha-ketoglutarate, Glu—glutamate, LD—lactate dehydrogenase, PDH—pyruvate dehydrogenase, CS—citrate synthase, Aco—aconitase, IDH—isocitrate dehydrogenase, OGDC—oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.