Table 3.
Hidden Markov State differences in Revised Children’s Diet Quality Index (RC-DQI) mean composite score and selected components, energy intake, weight percentile, and BMI percentilea in the Niños Sanos study, North Carolina, 2011–2014b
| State 1c,d | State 2 | State 3 | State 4 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RC/DQI componente | |||||
| Composite RC-DQI score (0–90) | 60.0 | 59.3 | 61.3* | 61.4 | 60.2 |
| CIf | (−1.6, 2.2) | (0.6, 4.6) | (−0.2, 3.3) | ||
| Added sugar (0–10) | 4.31 | 4.43 | 5.69** | 5.23 | 4.72 |
| CI | (−0.5, 1.2) | (0.5, 2.2) | (−0.1, 1.4) | ||
| Fat (0–5) | 2.35 | 2.28* | 2.23*** | 2.30 | 2.31 |
| CI | (−0.1, −0.02) | (−0.2, −0.06) | (−0.1, 0.01) | ||
| Whole grains (0–5) | 2.57 | 2.55 | 3.10** | 2.86* | 2.70 |
| CI | (−0.2, 0.5) | (0.2, 0.9) | (0.01, 0.7) | ||
| Fruit (0–10) | 4.32 | 4.45 | 4.63 | 4.81 | 4.49 |
| CI | (−0.3, 0.8) | (−0.2, 4.0) | (−0.1, 1.0) | ||
| Vegetables (0–10) | 3.18 | 3.55 | 4.03** | 3.37 | 3.42 |
| CI | (−0.2, 0.9) | (0.3, 1.4) | (−0.4, 0.7) | ||
| Dairy (0–10) | 7.16 | 7.50 | 7.40 | 7.31 | 7.29 |
| CI | (−0.2, 0.8) | (−0.1, 0.8) | (−0.4, 0.6) | ||
| Other measures | |||||
| Energy intake (kcal/day)g | 1233 | 1194 | 1153 | 1158 | 1199 |
| CI | (−125, 14) | (−131, 16) | (−129, 1) | ||
| Weight-for-age percentile | 66.5 | 59.9 | 59.4** | 61.8 | 63.3 |
| CI | (−5.5, 1.2) | (−8.8, −2.0) | (−4.6, 1.3) | ||
| BMI-for-age percentile | 76.2 | 70.2 | 66.7*** | 72.0 | 72.8 |
| CI | (−5.9, 3.0) | (−12.6, −3.5) | (−5.1, 2.9) | ||
| Percent overweight/obese | 50.2 | 34.4 | 41.8 | 41.2 | 44.1 |
| CI | (−1, 34) | (−10, 26) | (−10, 27) |
Values shown are from the baseline measurement adjusted for covariates of sex, migrant status, and age
n=237
State 1 = low levels of parent-centered feeding and moderate levels of child-centered feeding, State 2 = high levels of parent and child-centered feeding, with the absence of physically struggling to get the child to eat, State 3 = high levels of both parent and child-centered feeding, and State 4 = moderate usage of both parent and child-centered feeding strategies
State 1 = referent; asterisks indicate significant difference compared to State 1 with
p <0 .05,
p <0 .01, and
p <0 .001
Higher scores indicate healthier diet and less deviation from the ideal standard
CI: 95% confidence interval for the difference from referent group
Total kilocalories per day from three 24-hour dietary recalls