Table 1.
Summary of risk estimates used, by major risk factor
| Study | Study Design | Overall RR (95% CI) | Measure of Exposure | Heterogeneity by Region | Heterogeneity by Gender | Heterogeneity by Hepatitis | Other Adjustments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HBV | ||||||||
| Donato, Boffeta & Puoti, 1998 | 32 studies, 21 case-control studies | 20.4 (18.0, 23.2) | HBsAg positivity vs HBsAg negative, in HCV-negative | 20.8 (17.8, 24.3) in Africa, China, & southeast Asia; 18.8 (11.8, 30.3) in Japan & Mediterranean | NA | 135 (79.7, 242) in anti-HCV/HCV RNA positive | 22.5 (19.5, 26) in 2nd generation HBsAg measurement | |
| This Study | 22.5 (19.5, 26) | |||||||
| HCV | ||||||||
| Donato, Boffeta & Puoti, 1998 | 32 studies, 21 case-control studies | 23.6 (20.0, 28.1) | Anti-HCV/HCV-RNA positivity vs negativity, in HBsAg negative | 11.5 (8.8, 15.0) in Africa, China, & southeast Asia; 31.2 (20.9, 47.4) in Japan & Mediterranean | NA | 135 (79.7, 242) in HBsAG positive | 17.3 (13.9, 21.6) in 2nd generation anti-HCV | |
| This Study | 17.3 (13.9, 21.6) | |||||||
| Alcohol | men | women | ||||||
| Chuang et al., 2015 | 27 cohort studies; 63 case control | 1.19 (1.12, 1.27) | 25g/day vs never | 1.28 (1.13, 1.44) in Asia, 1.39 (0.93, 1.85) in Europe, 1.20 (0.86, 1.54) in North America, ever vs never | 1.2 (1.1,1.3) | 1.3 (1.1,1.5) | 1.12 (0.82,1.52) | 2.06 (1.31, 2.81) in former vs never drinkers |
| 1.54 (1.36, 1.74) | 50g/day vs never | 1.5 (1.3,1.7) | 2.1 (1.2,3.6) | 1.74 (1.25,2.41) | ||||
| 2.14 (1.74, 2.62) | 75g/day vs never | 1.8 (1.5,2.3) | 4.7 (1.5,14.5) | 3.68 (2.15,6.29) | ||||
| 3.21 (2.34, 4.40) | 100g/day vs never | 2.3 (1.7,3.1) | 10.6 (3.66,30.7) | |||||
| This Study | Chuang et al. gender-specific estimates and former vs never estimate | |||||||
| Smoking | men | women | ||||||
| Lee et al., 2009 | 13 case-control; 7 cohort | 1.51 (1.37, 1.67) | Current smokers vs never tobacco smokers | 1. 56 (1.36, 1.79) in Asia | 1.61 (1.38, 1.89) | 1.86 (1.33, 2.60) | 1.38 (1.01, 1.88) adjusted for HBV, 1.55 (1.00, 2.38) adjusted for HCV | 1.43 (1.21, 1.68) adjusted for alcohol |
| This Study | 1.43 (1.21, 1.68) | |||||||
| Obesity | men | women | ||||||
| Chen et al., 2012 | 26 prospective studies | 1.48 (1.31, 1.67) | Overweight vs normal weight | 1.35 (1.18, 1.54) in Asia, 1.65 (1.36, 2.02) in non-Asian countries | 1.42 (1.22, 1.65) | 1.18 (1.08, 1.30) | 1.74 (1.35, 2.25) adjusted for HBV and/or HCV | 1.46 (1.25, 1.69) adjusted for alcohol |
| 1.83 (1.59, 2.11) | Obese vs normal weight | 1.91 (1.51, 2.41) | 1.55 (1.30, 1.85) | |||||
| This Study | Chen et al. gender-specific estimates | |||||||
| Diabetes | men | women | ||||||
| Wang et al., 2012 | 17 case-control; 32 cohort studies | 2.31 (1.87, 2.84) | diabetic vs not diabetic | 2.43 (1.94, 3.05) in North America, 2.51 (1.92, 3.27) in Europe, 2.00 (1.46, 2.75) in East Asia | 2.03 (1.58, 2.62) | 1.91 (1.22, 2.99) | 2.26 (1.62, 3.14) adjusted for hepatitis | 2.32 1.93, 2.79) adjusted for alcohol; 1.94 (1.58, 2.38) adjusted for BMI/obesity |
| This Study | 1.94 (1.58, 2.38) | |||||||