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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Environ Health Rep. 2018 Mar;5(1):100–109. doi: 10.1007/s40572-018-0181-4

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Illustration of interactions of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and allergens with the immune system. ENMs directly stimulate innate immune cells such as macrophages or epithelial cells to produce chemokines that stimulate recruitment of other inflammatory cells such as eosinophils. ENMs also interact with allergens to exacerbate innate immune responses. Dendritic cells transport ENMs to lymph nodes to program T cells as part of the acquired immune system. Phenotypic changes in cells and tissues are shown in blue boxes.