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. 2018 Mar 29;9:1279. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03695-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Real-time optical communications and high-speed continuous modulation. a Real-time detection of the emission from three-layer graphene device at 50 MHz achieved by using a normal-mode APD photoreceiver under a rectangular voltage (0 V–8 V in height). b Eye-diagram of emission from 85 layer graphene device at data rate of 1 Mbps under random square voltage of 0 V–4.3 V. c High-speed emission modulation (red curve) from three-layer graphene device under a continuous input (0 V–6 V in height) of 1 Gbps (green curve) by time-resolved emission measurements