Table 1.
Biochar Characteristics.
| Units | Premium | Ultra | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moisture | % | 6.411 (±0.275)a2 | 6.02 (±0.158)a |
| pH | 10.22 (±0.012)a | 10.09 (±0.020)b | |
| LOI3 | % | 91.97 (±0.410)b | 96.06 (±0.217)a |
| Org. matter | % | 64.15 (±0.287)b | 67.01 (±0.152)a |
| Nitrogen | % | 0.19 (±0.027)a | 0.33 (±0.067)a |
| Carbon | % | 75.78 (±1.204)b | 80.79 (±1.005)a |
| Aluminum | mg kg−1 | 24.99 (±0.330)a | 15.92 (±0.111)b |
| Arsenic | mg kg−1 | 1.32 (±0.123)b | 8.26 (±1.583)a |
| Boron | mg kg−1 | 9.71 (±0.114)b | 11.57 (±0.342)a |
| Barium | mg kg−1 | 38.53 (±0.600)a | 38.27 (±0.299)a |
| Calcium | mg kg−1 | 8,151.66 (±146.05)a | 5,217.97 (±56.99)b |
| Cadmium | mg kg−1 | 0.14 (±0.004)a | 0.03 (±0.004)b |
| Cobalt | mg kg−1 | 0.05 (±0.003)a | 0.07 (±0.010)a |
| Chromium | mg kg−1 | 0.12 (±0.005)a | 0.13 (±0.008)a |
| Copper | mg kg−1 | 0.00 (±0.000)b | 1.06 (±0.228)a |
| Iron | mg kg−1 | 1.36 (±0.020)a | 0.70 (±0.044)b |
| Potassium | mg kg−1 | 3,499.82 (±25.75)b | 3,696.03 (±12.58)a |
| Magnesium | mg kg−1 | 695.78 (±12.68)a | 704.82 (±18.29)a |
| Manganese | mg kg−1 | 350.32 (±5.791)a | 220.29 (±2.114)b |
| Molybdenum | mg kg−1 | 0.02 (±0.001)a | 0.02 (±0.005)a |
| Sodium | mg kg−1 | 1,028.96 (±8.359)b | 1,112.95 (±8.587)a |
| Nickel | mg kg−1 | 0.26 (±0.009)a | 0.18 (±0.016)b |
| Phosphorus | mg kg−1 | 544.85 (±9.443)a | 356.24 (±5.590)b |
| Lead | mg kg−1 | 1.36 (±0.091)a | 0.20 (±0.031)b |
| Sulfur | mg kg−1 | 631.44 (±11.69)a | 82.83 (±1.555)b |
| Selenium | mg kg−1 | 0.25 (±0.043)a | 0.24 (±0.051)a |
| Silicon | mg kg−1 | 110.64 (±3.215)a | 47.51 (±1.335)b |
| Strontium | mg kg−1 | 28.27 (±0.397)a | 24.66 (±0.407)b |
| Titanium | mg kg−1 | 0.19 (±0.003)a | 0.08 (±0.007)b |
| Vanadium | mg kg−1 | 0.00 (±0.005)a | 0.00 (±0.001)a |
| Zinc | mg kg−1 | 6.57 (±0.076)a | 1.63 (±0.133)b |
1Values indicate averages of three technical replicates ± (standard error).
2Differing letters indicate differences between biochars by t-test at p < 0.05.
3LOI = loss on ignition.