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. 2018 Mar 29;8:5402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23656-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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OMVs from β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli can protect β-lactam-susceptible Escherichia coli and fully rescue them from β-lactam antibiotic-induced growth inhibition. (a) Representative growth profiles of RC85 cells in the presence of growth-inhibiting concentrations of antibiotics. The growth-inhibiting concentrations of antibiotics were: ampicillin, 30 μg/mL; cefoperazone, 4 μg/mL; and cefotaxime, 1.25 μg/mL. The data are presented as means and SEMs of at least three independent experiments. (b) The survival percentages of RC85 cells in the presence of the above-listed growth-inhibiting concentrations of antibiotics and RC85⁺ OMVs or RC85 OMVs were computed by bacterial counts of cultures at a certain time points (ampicillin, 12 h; cefoperazone and cefotaxime, 24 h). The data are presented as means and SEMs of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.