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. 2018 Mar 29;8:5402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23656-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Investigation of the differences in β-lactamase activity between cell extracts, culture supernatant, and OMVs from RC85⁺ and RC85 cells. (a) β-Lactamase activity profiles of respective samples, as obtained by measuring absorbance at 490 nm in kinetic mode. The data are presented as means and SEMs of three independent experiments. (b) β-Lactamase activities expressed per milligram of protein. One way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for analyses, and the data are presented as means and SEMs of three independent experiments. The abbreviation ‘ns’ means not significant. (c) The effects of the β-lactamase inhibitors, clavulanic acid and sulbactam, were investigated by growth curve experiments of RC85 cells treated with antibiotics (ampicillin, 30 μg/mL; cefoperazone, 4 μg/mL; cefotaxime, 1.25 μg/mL) plus clavulanic acid or sulbactam in the presence of 50 μg/mL RC85⁺ OMVs. OD₆₀₀ was recorded every 12 h for 84 h from three independent batches.