Table 1. Special types of diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence.

Common special types	Etiology	Treatment
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	multifactorial	lifestyle intervention, oral antidiabetic drugs, insulin therapy
MODY 2	glucokinase defect autosomal dominant	often without medication
MODY 3	HNF1α defect autosomal dominant	sulfonylureas, glinides
Neonatal diabetes	mutation in the KIR6.2/KCNJ1 gene	insulin therapy, sulfonylureas
CF-associated diabetes	impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance	insulin therapy, oral antidiabetic drugs
Down syndrome	genetic	insulin therapy
Wolfram (DIDMOAD) syndrome	genetic	insulin therapy
Prader-Willi-Labhart syndrome	genetic	similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus

CF, cystic fibrosis; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young