Table 2.
The mechanisms responsible for regulation of PTPs in HCC.
| PTPs | Mechanisms for PTPs Regulation in HCC |
|---|---|
| PTPRD | Epigenetic silencing is partly responsible for the reduction of PTPRD expression [8]. Deletion and mutation of PTPRD gene are also identified in HCC cell lines and tumor tissues [30,36], miR-135a-5p targeting PTPRD mRNA impairs PTPRD expression [7]. |
| PTPRF | NA |
| PTPRH | NA |
| PTPRO | Epigenetic silencing is responsible for the reduction of PTPRO expression [43]. |
| PTPRS | Epigenetic silencing is responsible for the reduction of PTPRS expression [12]. |
| PTPRT | miR-215 targets PTPRT and down-regulates its protein expression in HepG2 cells [13] |
| PTP1B | NA |
| SHP-1 | NA |
| PTPN9 | NA |
| SHP-2 | SHP-2 activation may be due to protein SUMOylation at lysine residue 590 [106]. |
| PTPN12 | NA |
| PTPN13 | Epigenetic silencing is responsible for the reduction of PTPN13 expression [20]. |
| PRL-1 | Copy number amplification may be responsible for the increase expression of PRL-1 [25] |
| PRL-3 | NA |
| DUSP1 | DUSP1 inactivation is due to ubiquitination or promoter hypermethylation associated with loss of heterozygosity at the DUSP1 locus [27]. |
NA = Not Available.