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KSHV regulation of the TLR signaling pathway. Upon KSHV infection, TLRs that are expressed either on the cell surface (TLR-2 and 4) or in endosomes (TLR-3, 4, 7, 8, and 9) recruit TIR-domain containing MyD88 and TRIF adaptor molecules. The MyD88 and TRIF molecules then recruit downstream molecules, culminating in the activation of transcription factors such as IRF3/7 and NF-κB, which regulate the production of type I IFNs and inflammatory cytokines.
