Table 3. Comparison of Migrant Cardiologists to Nonmigrants.

Census region	Geographya		Years since cardiology fellowshipb						Female		US born
	% out	% in	Migrants			Nonmigrants			Migrants	Non-migrants	Migrants	Non-migrants
			p25	Median	p75	p25	Median	p75
Northeast	10.7%	8.9%	4	8	16	8	15	21	11.5%	6.9%	65.3%	72.0%
Midwest	18.3%	15.2%	4	8	16	8	14	21	7.5%	5.7%	53.2%	64.1%
South	14.5%	15.6%	4	8	14	7	13	20	7.4%	4.8%	57.0%	67.5%
West	9.0%	13.5%	4	8	16	8	15	22	7.1%	7.1%	59.8%	64.2%
Total	13.5%	13.5%	4	8	15	8	14	21	8.1%	5.8%	57.7%	67.4%

Notes:

^aThe geography comparison describes the fraction of emigrants (percentage out) and immigrants (percentage in) to total cardiologists in each region, weighted by total patients each physician treated in that region from 1998–2012. These totals are slightly less than the fraction of sample cardiologists moving between 1998–2012 (15.5 percent; see Table 1) since some nonmigrants practice in multiple hospitals across regional boundaries.

^bYears-since-fellowship for migrants is defined as the time between year of move and cardiology fellowship completion. For nonmigrants, years-since-fellowship is defined as the time between a given patient's admission date and the cardiologist's fellowship completion date. Statistics are calculated over physician-patient pairs, and region is that of hospital admission.