Table 2. Predictors of ED Consultation of Ophthalmology Service.
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable | |
| Age at encounter, per 1-y increase | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) |
| Malea | 1.39 (1.27-1.52) | 1.42 (1.30-1.55) |
| Race/ethnicityb | ||
| Black | 0.81 (0.72-0.93) | 0.85 (0.75-0.96) |
| Asian, Pacific Islander, Alaska Native, or Native American | 0.85 (0.66-1.08) | 0.86 (0.68-1.09) |
| Other/unknown | 1.06 (0.88-1.27) | 1.06 (0.89-1.27) |
| Non-English preferred language | 0.75 (0.56-1.00) | 0.73 (0.55-0.98) |
| Farther than 160 km from University of Michigan | 1.30 (1.10-1.52) | 1.35 (1.16-1.58) |
| Calendar year of encounter, 2014-2015 vs 2010-2013 | 1.33 (1.22-1.46) | 1.41 (1.30-1.54) |
| Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index scorec | ||
| 1 | 0.67 (0.58-0.77) | 0.63 (0.55-0.72) |
| 2-4 | 0.60 (0.51-0.70) | 0.55 (0.47-0.64) |
| ≥5 | 0.36 (0.30-0.42) | 0.32 (0.26-0.37) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; OR, odds ratio.
a
Reference category is female.
b
Reference category is white.
c
Reference category is an index of zero. The Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index is an indicator of overall patient health calculated by totaling the number of points assigned to specific comorbid conditions. Possible scores range from 0 to 25, with 0 indicating a relatively healthy patient with no comorbidities and higher scores representing more numerous or severe comorbidities.