Table 3.
Principal habitat for each tick species found in this study with reference to associated pathogens/human diseases.
| Tick Species | Principal Habitat (GIS Forest Vegetation Map) | Pathogens Associated | Human Diseases | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. ventalloi | Natural vegetation (Woodland) |
R. helvetica * R. monacensis * A. phagocytophilum * Bartonella clarridgeia * Eyach virus * |
SFGR HGA CSD Eyach Virus Disease |
[41,43] |
| H. lusitanicum | Artificial vegetation (Pine and Cypress) |
CCHFV * (Simpson et al., 1967) [44] Coxiella burnetii * R. aeschlimannii * Theileria annulata Babesia spp. |
CCHF SFGR Q fever |
[13,42,45,46] |
| R. sanguineus | Natural vegetation (Woodland) |
R. conorii * R. rickettsii * (Brumpt, 1922) Coxiella burnetii * Babesia canis (Piana & Galli-Valerio, 1895) Ehrlichia canis (Donatien and Lestoquard 1935) Anaplasma marginale |
MSF RMSF Q fever |
[47,48,49] |
| R. pusillus | Natural vegetation (Woodland) |
R. sibirica mongolitimonae * (Fournier et al., 2006) [50] Coxiella burnetiid * |
Lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis Q fever |
[51,52] |
| Hae. sulcata | Artificial vegetation (Pine and cypress/eucalyptus) |
Anaplasma ovis (Lestoquard, 1924) Theileria annulata |
- | [33] |
| D. marginatus | Artificial vegetation (Pine and eucalyptus) |
R. sibirica * (Zdrodovskii, 1948) R. slovaca * R. aeschlimannii * Babesia canis |
Siberian tick typhus SFGR SENLAT |
[53] |
| R. turanicus | Artificial vegetation (Pine and cypress) |
R. monacensis * R. massiliae * R. conorii * R. aeschlimannii * Babesia spp. |
MSF SFGR |
[54] |
GIS: Geographical Information System; CCHF: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever; CSD: Cat-Scratch Disease; HGA: Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; MSF: Mediterranean Spotted Fever; RMSF: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; SENLAT: Scalp eschar and Neck Lymph Adenopathy; SFGR: Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses. * Asterisks indicate human relevant pathogens.