Table 1.
Implementation time table for each country/organization on PM2.5 concentration limit.
| Country/Organization | Annual Average Limit (μg·m−3) | Daily Average Limit (μg·m−3) | Notes | Web References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA-1 | 15 | 65 | Established in 1997 | [8] |
| USA-2 | 15 | 35 | Established in 2006 | |
| USA-3 | 15 | 12 | Established in 2012 | |
| Australia | 8 | 25 | Established in 2003, not enforced till now | [9] |
| WHO air quality goal (AQG) | 10 | 25 | Published in 2005, and the limit is mainly for developing countries | [10] |
| WHO transition target-1 (the most flexible limit) | 35 | 75 | Compared with AQG value, long-term exposure at these levels increases the risk of death by about 15% | |
| WHO transition target-2 | 25 | 50 | Among other health benefits, exposures at this level reduce the risk of death by about 6% (2% to 11%) compared with transition target-1 | |
| WHO transition target-3 | 15 | 37.5 | This is the lowest level for long-term exposure to PM2.5, at which total mortality, cardiopulmonary disease mortality and lung cancer mortality will increase with over 95% confidence | |
| EU-1 (2010–2015) | 25 | Published in 2008, executed in 2010, and not allowed to go beyond the limit in 2015 | [11] | |
| EU-2 (2015–2020) | 20 | Not enforced until 2020 | ||
| Singapore (long term target) | 10 | 25 | Established in 2008 | [12] |
| Singapore-1 (2008–2014) | 15 | Established in 2008 | ||
| Singapore-2 (2015–2020) | 12 | 37.5 | Established in 2015 | |
| Japan | 15 | 35 | Established in 2009 | [13] |
| India | 40 | 60 | Established in 2009 | [14] |
| China level 1 | 15 | 35 | Established in 2012, fully implemented in 2016 | [15] |
| China level 2 | 35 | 75 |
EU: European Union.