Table 2.
Modeling methods and analysis on sources of PM2.5.
| Method | Reference | Location | Sampling Time Period | Main Sources of PM2.5 and Their Contribution Rates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMB | [34] | Ningbo | 15–24 March 2010; 31 May–9 June 2010; 10–19 December 2010 |
Urban dust (20.42%), coal dust (14.37%) and vehicle exhaust (15.15%) |
| [47] | Urumchi | 19–30 January 2013 | Urban dust (24.7%), coal dust (15.6%) and secondary particles (38.0%) | |
| [48] | Qizhou | September 2013; February–March 2014; May 2014 |
Dust (21–35%), secondary particles (25–26%) and vehicle exhaust (21–26%) | |
| [49] | Ningbo | 25–31 January 2010; 31 May–6 June 2010; 10–16 October 2010 |
Urban dust (19.9%), coal dust (14.4%), secondary sulfate (16.9%), vehicle exhaust (15.2%), secondary nitrate (9.78%) and secondary organic carbon (8.85%) | |
| [50] | Tianjin | 13–20 May 2010; 20–27 October 2010; 19–26 December 2010 |
Open source (urban dust, soil dust and construction cement dust, total contribution of 30%),Secondary particles (secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate and secondary carbon, total contribution of 28%), coal dust (19.6%) and vehicle exhaust (15.9%) | |
| [51] | Chongqing | 6–28 February 2012; 6–28 August 2012; 19–27 October 2012; 7–29 December 2012 |
Secondary particles (30.1%) and moving source (27.9%) | |
| [52] | Beijing | August 2012–July 2013, continuous for 5 to 7 days per month | Secondary inorganic salts (36%), organic matter (20%), vehicle/fuel (16%), coal burning (15%), soil dust (6%) and others (7%) | |
| [53] | Xining | 26 February–4 March 2014; 22–28 April 2014; 19–25 September 2014 |
Urban dust (26.24%), coal dust (14.5%), vehicle exhaust (12.8%), secondary sulphate (9.0%), biomass burning (6.6%), secondary nitrates (5.7%), steel dust (4.7%), construction dust (4.4%), soil dust (4.4%), food and beverage emissions (2.9%) and other unidentified sources (5.2%) | |
| [54] | Xingtai | 24 February–15 March 2014; 22 April–19 May 2014; 15–28 July 2014 |
Coal dust (25%), secondary inorganic particles (sulfate and nitrate, 45%), vehicle exhaust (11%), dust (9%), soil dust (3%), construction and metallurgical dust (1%) and other unidentified sources (3%) | |
| PMF | [55] | Wuhan | July 2011–February 2012 | Vehicle sources (27.1%), secondary sulphates and nitrates (26.8%), manufacturing emissions (26.4%) and biomass combustion (19.6%) |
| [56] | Chengdu | 29 April–17 May 2009; 6 July–6 August 2009; 26 October–26 November 2009; 1–31 January 2010 |
Soil dust and raise dust (14.3%), biomass combustion (28.0%), vehicle sources (24.0%) and secondary nitrates/sulfates (31.3%) | |
| [46] | Shenzhen | January–December 2009 | Secondary sulphate (30.0%), vehicle sources (26.9%), biomass combustion (9.8%) and secondary nitrates (9.3%) | |
| [57] | suburbs of Shanghai | 23 December 2012–18 February 2014 | Secondary aerosol (50.8%), fuel combustion (17.5%), biomass combustion/sea salt (17.2%), raise dust/construction dust (7.7%), and coal-burning/smelting dust (6.9%) | |
| [58] | North China | 3 January–11 February 2014 | Coal combustion (29.6%), biomass combustion (19.3%) and vehicle sources (15.9%) | |
| [59] | Lanzhou | Winter 2012 and summer 2013 | Steel industry, secondary aerosols, coal combustion, power plants, vehicle emissions, crustal dust, and smelting industry contributed 7.1%, 33.0%, 28.7%, 3.12%, 8.8%, 13.3%, and 6.0%, respectively, in winter, and 6.7%, 14.8%, 3.1%, 3.4%, 25.2%, 11.6% and 35.2% in summer | |
| [60] | Chongqing | 2012–2013 | Secondary inorganic aerosols (37.5%), coal combustion (22.0%), other industrial pollution (17.5%), soil dust (11.0%), vehicular emission (9.8%) and metallurgical industry (2.2%) | |
| [61] | Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve (YRDNNR) | January–November 2011 | Secondary sulphate and nitrate (54.3%), biomass burning (15.8%), industry (10.7%), crustal matter (8.3%), vehicles (5.2%) and copper smelting (4.9%) | |
| [62] | Shanghai | October 2011–August 2012 | Coal burning (30.5%), gasoline engine emission (29.0%), diesel engine emission (17.5%), air-surface exchange (11.9%) and biomass burning (11.1%) | |
| [63] | Zhengzhou | April 2011–December 2013 | Coal burning (29%), vehicle (26%), dust (21%), secondary aerosols (17%) and biomass burning (4%) | |
| [64] | Qingshan District, Wuhan | 15 November–28 December 2013 | Traffic exhaust (28.60%), industry (27.10%), road dust (22%), coal combustion (13.20%) and building dust (9.5%) | |
| FA | [65] | Beijing | 16 January–28 February 2013 | Industrial dust and human activities (40.3%), biomass combustion and building dust (27.0%), soil and wind induced dust (9.1%), fossil fuel sources (4.9%), electronic waste sources (4.8%) and regional migration sources (4.6%) |
| PCA | [66] | Hangdan | January, April, July and October 2015 | Secondary aerosol source, transportation, fossil fuel and biomass burning (46.5%), soil and construction dust (19.5%), steel industry (19.5%) and transportation (9%) |
| [67] | Hangdan | October 2012–January 2013 | Industry and coal burning (33.3%), secondary aerosol and biomass burning (21.7%), vehicle (12.8%) and road dust (9.1%), | |
| WRF/Chem+ observation data analysis | [68] | Guangzhou | January–December 2013 | Moving sources (37.4%), industrial emissions (32.2%), electricity emissions (12.2%), residential emissions (6.6%) and others (11.6%) |
| PMF and backward trajectory model | [69] | Heze | 13–22 August 2015; 21–30 October 2015; 14–23 January 2016 7–16 April 2016 |
Secondary inorganic salt (32.61%), vehicle emissions (22.60%), raise dust (19.64%), coal dust (16.25%) and construction cement dust (9.00%) |
| Chemical mass balance gas constraint-Iteration (CMBGC-Iteration) | [70] | Tianjin | April 2014–January 2015 | Secondary sources (30%), crustal dust (25%), vehicle exhaust (16%), coal combustion (13%), SOC (7.6%) and cement dust (0.40%) |
| Ensemble-average of CMB, CMB-Iteration, CMB-GC, PMF, WALSPMF, and NCAPCA | Secondary sources (28%), crustal dust (20%), coal combustion (18%), vehicle exhaust (17%), SOC (11%) and cement dust (1.3%) | |||
| Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model | [71] | 25 Chinese provincial capitals and municipalities | 2013 | Power plants (8.7–12.7%), agriculture NH3 (9.5–12%), windblown dust (6.1–12.5%) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (5.4–15.5%) |
| Particle Induced X-ray Emission(PIXE), XRay Fluorescence (XRF), and PMF | [72] | Xigngzhen District, Beijing | 19 May 2007–19 July 2013 | Coal burning (29.2%), vehicle exhaust and waste incineration (26.2%), construction industry (23.3%), soil (15.4%) and industry with chlorine (5.9%) |
| Inventory-Chemical Mass Balance (I-CMB) | [73] | Beijing | 2012 | Coal (28.06%), vehicle (19.73%), dust (17.88%), industry (16.50%), food (3.43%) and plant (3.40%) |
CMB: chemical mass balance method; PMF: positive matrix factorization; FA: factor analysis; PCA: principal component analysis; WRF: Weather Research and Forecasting; WALSPMF: Weighted Alternating Least Squares Positive Matrix Factorization; NCAPCA: Non-negative Constrained Absolutely Principle Analysis.