Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted associations between the participant’s characteristics and children’s overweight/obesity.
| Characteristics | Referent N (%) | Overweight N (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted † |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR 95% CI | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||
| Higher (>10 years) | 1107 (93.7) | 75 (6.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Lower (10 or less years) | 271 (88.3) | 36 (11.7) | 1.96 * (1.29–2.98) | 1.80 * (1.12–2.90) |
| Family status | ||||
| Both parents | 1197 (92.6) | 29 (7.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Single mother | 182 (92.0) | 82 (7.5) | 1.09 (0.61–1.96) | 0.85 (0.46–1.58) |
| Maternal age at childbirth | ||||
| ≤30 years | 462 (93.5) | 32 (6.5) | 1 | 1 |
| >30 years | 916 (92.10) | 79 (7.9) | 1.25 (0.81–1.91) | 1.21 (0.75–1.94) |
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 369 (92.7) | 29 (7.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Employed | 1009 (92.5) | 82 (7.5) | 1.03 (0.67–1.61) | 0.77 (0.49–1.23) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||
| No | 1282 (93.2) | 94 (6.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 96 (85.0) | 17 (15.0) | 2.42 * (1.38–4.21) | 2.05 * (1.13–3.72) |
| Secondhand smoking | ||||
| No | 888 (92.9) | 68 (7.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 490 (91.9) | 43 (8.1) | 1.15 (0.77–1.71) | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) |
| Mother-child relations | ||||
| Normal | 908 (93.3) | 65 (6.7) | 1 | 1 |
| Borderline | 390 (91.9) | 34 (8.1) | 1.22 (0.79–1.88) | 1.09 (0.70–1.71) |
| Pathological (abnormal) | 80 (86.7) | 12 (13.3) | 2.13 * (1.10–4.11) | 1.93 * (1.00–3.80) |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| Yes | 1289 (92.7) | 101 (7.3) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 89 (89.9) | 10 (10.1) | 1.43 (0.72–2.84) | 0.84 (0.42–1.72) |
| Child’s sex | ||||
| Male | 705 (93.9) | 46 (6.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 673 (91.2) | 65 (8.8) | 1.48 (1.00–2.19) | 1.46 (0.98–2.18) |
| Birth order | ||||
| First child | 761 (92.6) | 61 (7.4) | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd and later | 617 (92.5) | 50 (7.5) | 1.01 (0.69–1.49) | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) |
| Child’s birth weight | ||||
| <3450 g | 674 (94.1) | 42 (5.9) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥3450 g | 704 (91.1) | 69 (8.9) | 1.57 * (1.06–2.34) | 1.57 * (1.05–2.36) |
| Sedentary behavior | ||||
| ≤3 h per day | 1111 (93.7) | 75 (6.3) | 1 | 1 |
| >3 h per day | 267 (88.2) | 36 (11.8) | 1.98 * (1.30–3.03) | 1.77 * (1.15–2.71) |
| Natural environment †† | ||||
| NDVI-100 m | ||||
| >median | 700 (94.1) | 44 (5.9) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤median | 678 (91.0) | 67 (9.0) | 1.57 * (1.16–2.33) | 1.72 * (1.15–2.60) |
| IQR ‡ | 1.45 * (1.10–1.85) | 1.43 * (1.10–1.91) | ||
| NDVI-300 m | ||||
| >median | 692 (92.9) | 53 (7.1) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤median | 686 (92.2) | 58 (7.8) | 1.10 (0.75–1.63) | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) |
| IQR ‡ | 1.17 (0.89–1.85) | 1.15 (0.91–1.96) | ||
| NDVI-500 m | ||||
| >median | 693 (93.4) | 49 (6.6) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤median | 685 (91.7) | 62 (8.3) | 1.28 (0.93–2.48) | 1.32 (0.89–1.97) |
| IQR ‡ | 1.22 (0.84–1.88) | 1.19 (0.82–1.91) | ||
| Distance to a city park | ||||
| ≤300 m | 361 (94.5) | 21 (5.5) | 1 | 1 |
| >300 m | 1017 (91.9) | 90 (8.1) | 1.52 (0.93–2.48) | 1.51 (0.92–2.49) |
| Continuous variable (per 100 m increase) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | ||
* p-value < 0.05. ‡ IQR increase. † Adjusted for: family status, maternal age at childbirth, education, smoking during pregnancy, secondhand smoking, employment status, mother-child relations, breastfeeding, the child’s sex, birth order, birth weight, and sedentary behavior. †† Adjusted for: family status, maternal age at childbirth, education, smoking during pregnancy, secondhand smoking, employment status, mother-child relations, NO2, the child’s sex, birth weight, and sedentary behavior.