Table 9.

Standardized coefficient estimates from the spatial scale (SS) forward stagewise model of BMI z-scores with no random effect (RE) in comparison to standardized coefficient estimates from three mixed models with a RE at the census block group (CBG), the census tract (CT), and the CBG and CT. The mixed models were fit using the covariates that were chosen by the SS stagewise algorithm. The horizontal dashed line separates the individual-level variables and the neighborhood-level variables considered at multiple spatial scales.

Explanatory Variable	No RE	RE at CBG	RE at CT	RE at CBG and CT
Visit Age	0.071 (*)	0.081 (*)	0.081 (*)	0.081 (*)
Black	0.030 (*)	0.041 (*)	0.041 (*)	0.041 (*)
Distance to Medical Center	0.011 (*)	0.015 (+)	0.014 (+)	0.014 (+)
Population Density_CT	−0.035 (*)	−0.039 (*)	−0.038 (*)	−0.037 (*)
% Hispanic White_CBG	0.023 (*)	0.029 (*)	0.030 (*)	0.029 (*)
% Hispanic Black_CT	0.011 (*)	0.013	0.016 (+)	0.013
Median Household Income_CT	−0.035 (*)	−0.040 (*)	−0.042 (*)	−0.040 (*)
% Vacant_CT	0.010 (*)	0.017 (*)	0.019 (*)	0.018 (*)
Personal Crime Index_CBG	−0.004	−0.015	−0.018	−0.016
Property Crime Index_CT	−0.006	−0.010	−0.009	−0.009
Exercise Equipment_CBG	−0.038 (*)	−0.044 (*)	−0.040 (*)	−0.044 (*)

Notes: Values marked with (*) have a p-value < 0.05, and values marked with (+) have an associated p-value < 0.1. For the SS stagewise model with no RE, covariates selected by the SS stagewise algorithm were plugged into an OLS regression model to obtain estimated p-values.