Table 2.
Cross-sectional analyses of energy and energy-adjusted macronutrient and dietary fibre intakes of all infants, and stratified by type of milk feed.
| Dietary Intakes of Energy, Macronutrient and Fibre | Recommended Intakes | All | Breast-Fed (BF) | Mixed-Fed (MF) | Formula-Fed (FF) |
p-Value (by Milk-Feed Type) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 760, 893, 907) ‡ | (n = 120, 94, 57) ‡ | (n = 160, 149, 125) ‡ | (n = 480, 650, 725) ‡ | ||||||||
| Mean | Standard Deviation (SD) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| Energy (TE) (kcal) | EAR of Male/Female (HPB) † | ||||||||||
| 6 months | 600/560 | 640 | 158 | 652 | 112 | 647 | 98 | 634 | 182 | 0.450 | |
| 9 months | 670/620 | 675 | 173 | 580 a | 122 | 683 b | 137 | 687 b | 183 | <0.001 | |
| 12 months | 740/640 | 761 | 208 | 716 | 187 | 795 | 164 | 759 | 216 | 0.050 | |
| Protein (TE%) | AMDR (IOM) † | ||||||||||
| 6 months | - | 9.9 | 2.5 | 7.1 a | 0.7 | 9.2 b | 1.8 | 10.8 c | 2.4 | <0.001 | |
| 9 months | - | 13.1 | 3.1 | 10.5 a | 3.0 | 11.6 b | 2.8 | 13.8 c | 2.8 | <0.001 | |
| 12 months | 5–20 | 14.5 | 3.4 | 10.9 a | 3.4 | 12.5 b | 2.7 | 15.1 c | 3.2 | <0.001 | |
| Total Fat (TE%) | AMDR (IOM) † | ||||||||||
| 6 months | - | 42.0 | 6.3 | 49.7 a | 3.1 | 44.4 b | 4.3 | 39.2 c | 5.5 | <0.001 | |
| 9 months | - | 36.9 | 5.7 | 38.5 a | 5.1 | 41.7 b | 5.6 | 35.6 c | 5.1 | <0.001 | |
| 12 months | 30–40 | 34.6 | 7.5 | 42.1 a | 9.0 | 41.5 a | 7.0 | 32.8 b | 6.3 | <0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate (TE%) | AMDR (IOM) † | ||||||||||
| 6 months | - | 48.1 | 5.3 | 43.1 a | 2.8 | 46.4 b | 3.7 | 50.0 c | 5.2 | <0.001 | |
| 9 months | - | 50.0 | 5.7 | 51.0 a | 5.3 | 46.7 b | 5.3 | 50.6 a | 5.5 | <0.001 | |
| 12 months | 45–65 | 50.9 | 7.6 | 47.0 a | 8.1 | 46.0 a | 6.5 | 52.1 b | 7.4 | <0.001 | |
| Dietary Fibre (g per 1000 kcal of TE) § | |||||||||||
| 6 months | - | 2.5 | 2.7 | 1.1 a | 1.6 | 1.9 a | 2.2 | 3.0 b | 2.9 | <0.001 | |
| 9 months | - | 4.0 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 0.981 | |
| 12 months | - | 4.4 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 0.743 | |
† EAR (HPB) refers to the estimated average requirement for boys and girls respectively in kcal/day recommended by the Singapore Health Promotion Board (HPB), AMDR (IOM) refers to the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for children aged 1 to 3 years, ‘-’ refers to unavailable data. ‡ Refers to number of infants at 6, 9 and 12 months respectively. abc All mean values within each row with unlike alphabets were significantly different (p < 0.05) based on Bonferroni corrected values. Statistically significant p values < 0.05 were in bold. § n numbers for fibre are all (n = 681, 884, 901), breast-fed (n = 97, 94, 57), formula-fed (n = 444, 643, 719), mixed-fed (n = 140, 147, 125) at 6, 9 and 12 months respectively. Smaller n numbers for dietary fibre were recorded as some infants consuming only formula milk, with no other foods during the three time points. The formula milk consumed by these infants does not have the value of dietary fibre stated on the nutritional information panel. Certain brands of infant formula consumed contains dietary fibre in the form of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) or galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS).