Table 2.
Means (SDs) for the context-sensitivity and Executive Function tasks
| Task | Age Group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All
|
4–5
|
6–7
|
8–9
|
|||||
| US | Japan | US | Japan | US | Japan | US | Japan | |
| Aggregated Context-Sensitivity Z-Score | ||||||||
| −.17 (.61) |
.17***(d=.50) (.78) |
−.51 (.68) |
−.42(d=.12) (.83) |
−.18 (.52) |
.27**(d=.86) (.53) |
.18 (.39) |
.72***(d=1.28) (.45) |
|
| .00 (.72) |
−.47a (.75) |
.04b (.56) |
.44c (.50) |
|||||
| Free Description | ||||||||
| First mentioned objects (background – focal) | −7.90 (4.64) |
−4.50***(d=.64) (5.91) |
−8.57 (4.61) |
−6.79(d=.38) (4.62) |
−7.37 (5.07) |
−3.96*(d=.62) (5.81) |
−7.73 (4.23) |
−2.64**(d=.92) (6.58) |
| −6.22 (5.56) |
−7.69a (4.67) |
−5.75b (5.65) |
−5.09b (6.09) |
|||||
| Descriptive accounts (background – focal) | 4.14 (12.10) |
20.06***(d=.70) (30.04) |
−.27 (10.02) |
5.59*(d=.53) (12.03) |
4.07 (12.38) |
14.30*(d=.55) (23.42) |
9.31 (12.33) |
40.61***(d= 1.12) (37.42) |
| 12.01 (24.10) |
2.61a (11.35) |
8.91b (18.99) |
25.54c (32.16) |
|||||
| Relational accounts (background – focal) | 4.35 (6.38) |
5.81(d=.19) (8.61) |
1.37 (4.77) |
2.03(d=.14) (5.10) |
4.50 (7.51) |
5.67(d=.15) (8.50) |
7.62 (4.98) |
9.86(d=.28) (9.97) |
| 5.07 (7.58) |
1.69a (4.90) |
5.05b (7.94) |
8.78c (7.97) |
|||||
| Ebbinghaus Illusion | ||||||||
| Percentage of correct answers (no context – illusional context) | 68.26 (47.02) |
78.49*(d=.27) (34.76) |
52.50 (47.50) |
55.00(d=.05) (46.61) |
67.50 (39.47) |
85.71*(d=.59) (18.54) |
85.34 (22.68) |
96.43*(d=.62) (11.21) |
| 73.29 (37.77) |
53.75a (46.67) |
76.29b (32.25) |
90.79c (18.68) |
|||||
| DCCS | ||||||||
| Accuracy (number of correct answers) | 41.31 (7.54) |
43.13(d=.28) (5.32) |
38.68 (7.66) |
39.42(d=.10) (7.81) |
39.74 (8.73) |
44.32*(d=.71) (2.63) |
45.65 (2.77) |
45.25(d=.17) (1.86) |
| 42.25 (6.53) |
39.07a (7.66) |
41.94a (6.89) |
45.43b (2.30) |
|||||
| Response time (in msec) | 1295.12 (436.77) |
1147.79*(d=.35) (399.53) |
1630.46 (407.83) |
1432.44(d=.45) (463.19) |
1205.11 (441.44) |
1156.36(d=.13) (304.17) |
1080.03 (236.28) |
896.15**(d=.81) (215.76) |
| 1218.99 (423.02) |
1527.15a (444.16) |
1181.67b (378.80) |
979.08c (241.34) |
|||||
| Average z-score (accuracy and reversed RT) | −.16 (.85) |
.15*(d=.41) (.69) |
−.76 (.70) |
−.47(d=.38) (.82) |
−.18 (.95) |
.23*(d=.56) (.38) |
.42 (.28) |
.61*(d=.69) (.26) |
| −.61 (.77) |
.02a (.76) |
.53b (.28) |
.00c (.78) |
|||||
| Gift Delay | ||||||||
| Number of transgressions | 1.26***(d=.56) (1.92) |
2.56 (2.67) |
1.27***(d=1.17) (1.68) |
4.19 (3.10) |
1.57(d=.39) (1.87) |
2.38 (2.25) |
.97(d=.07) (2.20) |
1.11 (1.48) |
| 1.89 (2.39) |
2.65a (2.84) |
1.96a (2.08) |
1.04b (1.87) |
|||||
| Latency for the first transgression (in sec) | 107.92***(d=.51) (78.34) |
68.25 (76.89) |
104.27***(d=.93) (79.23) |
39.13 (58.93) |
87.21(d=.27) (80.54) |
65.78 (75.95) |
132.41(d=.40) (70.72) |
101.82 (83.61) |
| 88.43 (79.92) |
71.70a (76.62) |
76.88a (78.40) |
117.39b (78.16) |
|||||
Note. Significant cultural differences within each age group are indicated by
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01, and
***
p < .001. Effect sizes of cultural differences are indicated by Cohen’s d s. Significant age-group differences are indicated by superscript letters (a, b, c).