Table 2.
Graph analysis clusters for fMRI connectivity (gray matter) on reading tasks
| fMRI task and regions | Time 1 M (SD) | Time 2 M (SD | F(df) | p | η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Word-specific reading/spelling | |||||
| Right medial cingulate gyrus | |||||
| Time | .076 (.013) | .061 (.011) | (1, 39) .89 | .35 | .02 |
| Group | (3, 39) 1.06 | .38 | .08 | ||
| Control | .148 (.17) | .050 (.026) | |||
| Dysgraphia | .068 (.060) | .061 (.088) | |||
| Dyslexia | .045 (.042) | .082 (.069) | |||
| OWL LD | .044 (.051) | .050 (.045) | |||
| Time × Diagnostic group | (3,39)3.42 | <.05* | .21 | ||
| Single Sentence Reading with and without homonym foils | |||||
| Left superior frontal gyrus | |||||
| Time | .219 (.032) | .162 (.028) | (1,39)1.97 | .17 | .05 |
| Group | (3,39)1.08 | .37 | .08 | ||
| Control | .383(.357) | .139 (.145) | |||
| Dysgraphia | .207(.142) | .093 (.101) | |||
| Dyslexia | .146 (.145) | .196 (.172) | |||
| OWL LD | .140 (.111) | .219 (.243) | |||
| Time × Diagnostic group | (3, 39)3.40 | <.05* | .21 | ||
| left middle frontal gyrus | |||||
| Time | .108 (.025) | .119 (.039) | (1,31).05 | .82 | .00 |
| Group | (3, 39)5.27 | <.01** | .29 | ||
| Control | .053 (.056) | .053 (.084) | |||
| Dysgraphia | .083 (.047) | .085 (.073) | |||
| Dyslexia | .211 (.033) | .240 (.052) | |||
| OWL LD | .083 (.060) | .098 (.094) | |||
| Time × Diagnostic group | (3, 39) .03 | .99 | .00 | ||
| Left inferior frontal gyrus | |||||
| Time | .302 (.060) | .143 (.044) | (1, 39) 6.50 | <.05* | .14 |
| Group | (3, 39)1.47 | .24 | .10 | ||
| Control | .625 (.709) | .139 (.345) | |||
| Dysgraphia | .311 (.349) | .103 (.164) | |||
| Dyslexia | .192 (.193) | .211 (.297) | |||
| OWL LD | .082 (.110) | 1.20 (.087) | |||
| Time × Diagnostic group | (3, 39) 3.81 | <.05* | .23 | ||
| Right lateral cingulate gyrus | |||||
| Time | .022 (.008) | .095 (.038) | (1, 39) 4.68 | <.05* | .11 |
| Group | (3, 39) .94 | .43 | .07 | ||
| Control | .061 (.045) | .081 (.086) | |||
| Dysgraphia | .422 (.907) | .053 (.066) | |||
| Dyslexia | .103 (.081) | .141 (.391) | |||
| OWL LD | .043 (.031) | .037 (.033) | |||
| Time × Diagnostic group | (3,39) .16 | .69 | .00 | ||
| Multi-sentence reading | |||||
| Left insular region | |||||
| Time | .005 (.004) | .050 (.022) | (1, 39) 4.17 | <.05* | .10 |
| Group | (3, 39)1.47 | .24 | .10 | ||
| Control | .000 (.000) | .000 (.000) | |||
| Dysgraphia | .038 (.111) | .008 (.023) | |||
| Dyslexia | .048 (.140) | .009 (.031) | |||
| OWL LD | .001 (.003) | .107 (.193) | |||
| Time×Group | (3,39) 2.06 | .12 | .14 | ||
| Right middle frontal gyrus | |||||
| Time | .223 (.035) | .215 (.054) | (1, 39) .02 | .90 | .00 |
| Group | (3, 39)2.00 | .13 | .13 | ||
| Control | .043 (.042) | .433 (.660) | |||
| Dysgraphia | .082 (.092) | .197 (.264) | |||
| Dyslexia | .155 (.183) | .148 (.178) | |||
| OWL LD | .610 (.445) | .080 (.091) | |||
| Time × Diagnostic group | (3, 39) 6.71 | .001*** | .34 | ||
Notes: Only results for each group at each time rather than for each group across the two times are reported. These can be used to interpret both group effects and time × diagnostic group effects.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001