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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 9.
Published in final edited form as: Anal Chim Acta. 2018 Feb 20;1017:34–40. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.039

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Technical challenges. A) Antibody development: TFV alone cannot generate polyclonal antibodies (i) and there is not a straightforward method for direct conjugation onto an immunogenic protein (ii). TFV was conjugated to an immunogenic protein (iii). B) Antibody characterization: Antibodies targeting small molecules cannot be characterized by western blotting, the standard method (i). Immunoprecipitation followed by LC-MS analysis was used (ii). C) Assay Approach: A small molecule target is not suitable for standard sandwich-based assays (i). A competition-based assay was designed (ii).