Table 1.
Epigenetically regulated genes with implications in oral cancer progression.
| Gene | Mechanism | Locus | Epigenetic Modification | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDKN2A/p16 | Cell cycle, senescence | 9p21 | Hypermethylation | [73,74,90,91,92] |
| CDH1/E-cadherin | EMT, adhesion | 16q22.1 | Hypermethylation * | [73,74,75,77] |
| PTEN | Differentiation, survival, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis | 10q23.3 | Hypermethylation * | [84,89] |
| DAPK1 | Apoptosis | 9q34.1 | Hypermethylation | [93,94,95] |
| MGMT | DNA repair | 10q26 | Hypermethylation | [90,92,94,96] |
| RARB2 | Cell proliferation | 3p24 | Hypermethylation | [97,98] |
| RASSF1/2 | Cell cycle, apoptosis, and microtubule formation | 3p21.3/20p13 | Hypermethylation | [99,100] |
| APC | Cell proliferation | 5q22.2 | Hypermethylation | [64,65] |
| Survivin | Cell proliferation and apoptosis | 17q25 | Hypomethylation | [70,71,101] |
| MLH1 | DNA repair | 3p22.2 | Hypermethylation | [73,102,103] |
| p14(ARF) | Cell proliferation, division, angiogenesis | 9p21 | Hypermethylation | [104,105,106] |
| p15INK4B | Cell cycle | 9p21.3 | Hypermethylation | [104,107] |
| p16INK4A | Cell cycle, senescence | 9p21 | Hypermethylation | [73,74,90,91,92] |
| RARβ | Cell growth and differentiation | 3p24 | Hypermethylation * | [97,108] |
* Controversial results or unclear role in oral cancer.