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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Several steps of metastasis. The early phase including cell detachment and invasion can be studied by 3D invasion of cultured cells, and later phase including invasion and attachment is commonly studied by injection of cancer cells into the transporting veins in animal experiments.