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Contributing factors for reciprocal differentiation of Th17 versus pTreg cells. Differentiation of Th17 and pTreg cells are reciprocally regulated by many contributing factors. Cytokines are the most powerful determinants in the regulation. Other factors including TCR signal, costimulatory signal, metabolism, and microbiota also influence the balance. SFB: segmented filamentous bacteria, SCFA: short chain fatty acid, PSA: polysaccharide A.
