Table 3.

Summary of studies showing the effect of fasting or caloric restriction on endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation in >20 human subjects.

Study Author and Reference	Type of Study	Subjects	CR or No. of Calories	Duration of Study	Effect on Flow-Mediated Dilatation
Raitakari et al. [20]	Obs	Obese	580 kcal/day	6 weeks	Improved
Sasaki et al. [33]	Obs	Obese, hypertensive	800 kcal/day	2 weeks	Improved
Khoo et al. [67]	Obs	Diabetic, obese males	1000 kcal/day	8 weeks	Improved
Clifton et al. [68]	Obs	Overweight	Low fat/high carbohydrate CR	3 months	No change
Volek et al. [69]	Obs	Overweight	1500 kcal/day, low fat vs. low carbohydrate CR	12 weeks	Improved in low carbohydrate CR