Table 2.

The relationship between GNPs’ properties and necrosis.

	Properties		Cell Type		Cell Death			Ref.
	Size	Surface	Normal	Cancer	Apoptosis	Necrosis	Autophagy
GNPs	1–2 nm	triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPMS); tris-sulfonated triphenylphosphine (TPPTS)	L929; J774 A1	HeLa; SK-Mel-28	+	+	N.A.	[75]
	10 nm	N.A.	Rat hepatocyte		N.A.	+	N.A.	[77]
	14.6 nm	polyphenols		MCF-7	N.A.	+	N.A.	[85]
	18 nm	citrate	Hamsters hepatocyte	N.A.	N.A.	+	N.A.	[78]
	18.1 nm	citrate	2M-125C	N.A.	+	+	N.A.	[76]
	20 nm	morin	PBMCs, HBL-100 cells		−	−	N.A.	[82]
	20 nm	morin		MCF-7	+	+	N.A.	[82]
	25.1 nm	CTAB	human dermal fibroblast (hfb) cells		−	+	N.A.	[79]
	25.1 nm	CTAB		U87	+	−	N.A.	[79]
	25.1 nm	HSA	human dermal fibroblast (hfb) cells	U87	−	−	N.A.	[79]
	37 nm	N.A.		A549	+	−	N.A.	[83]
	50 nm	polyphenols		A431	+	+	N.A.	[84]
GNRs	52.7 nm × 23.0 nm	CTAB	human dermal fibroblast (hfb) cells		−	+	N.A.	[79]
	52.7 nm × 23.0 nm	HSA	human dermal fibroblast (hfb) cells	U87	−	+	N.A.	[79]
	119 × 28 nm	CTAB	normal human blood lymphocytes		−	−	N.A.	[80]
	119 × 28 nm	CTAB		A549	−	+	N.A.	[80]
	20 × 53 nm	CTAB	CHO		−	−	N.A.	[81]
	20 × 53 nm	CTAB		MCF-7	+	+	N.A.	[81]
GNSRs	The tip-to-tip distance: 62.5 ± 11.2 nm	CTAB	human dermal fibroblast (hfb) cells		−	+	N.A.	[79]
	The tip-to-tip distance: 62.5 ± 11.2 nm	CTAB		U87	+	−	N.A.	[79]
	The tip-to-tip distance: 62.5 ± 11.2 nm nm	HSA	human dermal fibroblast (hfb) cells		−	+	N.A.	[79]
	The tip-to-tip distance: 62.5 ± 11.2 nm nm	HSA		U87	−	−	N.A.	[79]

+: positive results; −: negative results; N.A.: not available.