Table 1.
Experimental and clinical evidence on nutritional plants used for prevention and treatment of kidney stones.
| Plant | Part of Plant | Study Type | Study Design | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | Leaves of kidney stones | In vivo | Ethylene glycol (EG)-induced nephrolithiasis in rat | ↓ Calcium crystal depositions in the kidneys ↓ The osteopontin mRNA level |
[22] |
| Leaves | In vivo | EG-induced nephrolithiasis in rat | ↓ Urinary oxalate excretion, calcium oxalate deposit formation ↑ Sodium Oxide Dismutase (SOD) activity |
[23] | |
| Rasberry (Rubus idaeus) | Aqueous extract | In vivo | Glyoxylate-induced calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in mice | ↓ Generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls ↓ Urinary calcium and phosphorus levels ↓ The growth rate of calculus |
[24] |
| Methanolic extract | In vivo | Bicarbonate saline solution (containing 110 mM NaCl and 30 mM NaHCO3) induced nephrolithiasis in rats | ↓ Activity of aldosterone or epithelial sodium channels ↑ Urine volume |
[25] | |
| Common madder (Rubia cordifolia) | Hydro-alcoholic extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis | ↓ The growth of calcium oxalate crystals ↓ The formation of urinary oxalate ↑ Tubular citrate |
[26] |
| Parsley (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.) | Ethanolic extract | In vivo | EG+ ammonium chloride (AlCl3)-induced urolithiasis in rat | ↓ Urinary calcium and protein excretion ↑ Urinary pH |
[27] |
| Aqueous Extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Serum urea and uric acid concentrations ↑ Serum magnesium concentration |
[28] | |
| Parsley (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.) | Aerial parts and roots aqueous extract | In vivo | EG-feeding rats | ↓ The number of calcium oxalate deposits | [29] |
| Pomegranate (Punica granatum) | Fruits chloroform and methanol extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis | ↓ Urine oxalate, calcium and phosphate, renal tissue oxalates ↓ Serum creatinine, urea and uric acid |
[24] |
| Yellow-fruit nightshade (Solanum xanthocarpum) | The methanolic extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Renal hyperoxaluria and crystalluria, ↓ Supersaturation of calcium oxalate |
[30] |
| Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) | Methanolic extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Urinary creatinine level and the supersaturation of lithogenic enhancing agents | [31] |
| Khella (Ammi visnaga L.) | Aqueous extract of fruits | In vivo | EG+ aluminum chloride-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Calcium oxalate crystal deposition ↑ Urinary excretion of citrate ↓ Oxalate excretion |
[32] |
| Black-cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) | Ethanolicextract of seeds | In vivo | Ethylene glycol for induction of calcium oxalate calculus formation in rats | ↓ Number of calcium oxalate deposits ↓ Urine concentration of calcium oxalate |
[33] |
| Thymoquinone (major component of seeds) | In vivo | Ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats | ↓ Number and size of calcium oxalate deposits in the renal tubules | [34] | |
| Citrus aurantium L. | Aqueous extract of unripe fruit | In vivo | EG -induced calcium oxalate crystallization | Preventing the formation of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and pathological alterations in rats | [35] |
| Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) | Aerial part aqueous-methanolic extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | Preventing loss of body weight, polyurea, crystalluria, oxaluria ↑ Serum urea and creatinine levels |
[34] |
| Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) | Plant aqueous extracts | In vivo | EG-induced hyperoxaluria | ↓ Deposition of stone-forming constituents in the kidneys and serum | [36] |
| Khella (Ammi visnaga L.) | aqueous extract | In vitro | A flask containing a cystine stone | ↑ Dissolution rate of cystine stones | [37] |
| Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) | ethanolic fruit extract | In vitro | Calcium oxalate monohydrate-induced in Human Kidney (HK)-2 cells | ↓ Cell death induced by COM, ↓ The level of E-cadherin and H2O2 |
[38] |
| Roselle (Dolichos biflorus L.) | Hydro-alcoholic extract of seeds | In vitro | Calcium oxalate crystallization using a synthetic urine system | ↓ Nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals | [39] |
| Aqueous, chloroform, and benzene extracts of seed | In vitro | Experimental preparation of kidney stones; calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate | Dissolving calcium oxalate stones | [40] | |
| Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) | Crude aqueous-methanolic extract | In vitro | Supersaturated solution of calcium oxalate, kidney epithelial cell lines (MDCK) and urinary bladder of rabbits | ↓ Calcium oxalate crystallization Exerting antioxidant, renal epithelial cell protective and antispasmodic activities |
[41] |
| Solanum xanthocarpum | Saponin rich fraction prepared from fruits | In vitro | calcium oxalate crystal nucleation. artificial urine solution | ↓ Calcium oxalate crystal formation ↑ Glycosaminoglycan level |
[42] |
| Pomegranate (Punica granatum) | Extract capsule | Clinical | 23 recurrent stone formers (RSFs) and 7 non-stone formers (NSFs) (1000 mg daily) for 90 days | ↓ Serum paraoxonasearylesterase activity ↓ Supersaturation of calcium oxalate |
[43] |
| Horse gram (Dolichos biflorus L.) | Seed | Clinical | 24 patients received Dolichosbiflorus and 23 patients were given potassium citrate | ↓ Recurrence of calcium oxalate stone | [44] |
| Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) | A tea bag of dried plant | Clinical | 9 patients with renal stones and 9 with non-renal stone received tea (A cup of tea made from 1.5 g of dry herb two times daily | ↑ Uric acid excretion and clearance | [45] |
↑ demonstrates increasing trend; ↓ demonstrates deccreasing trend.