Table 3.
Pre-clinical and clinical evidence on medicinal plants used for prevention and treatment of kidney stones.
| Plant | Part or Chemical Constituents | Study Type | Study Design | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acalypha indica L. | Ethanolic extract | In vivo | Ethylene glycol (EG)-induced urolithiasis in Wistar albino rats | ↑ Ca2+ ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase, Na+K+ ATPase ↑ Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) |
[93] |
| Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. | Aqueous suspension of aerial parts | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Glycolic acid oxidase (GAO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | [94] |
| Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. | Hydroalcolohlic extract of whole plant | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Stone forming constituents, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid and creatinine | [11] |
| Alcea rosea L. | Hydroalcoholic extract of roots | In vivo | EG-induced lithiasis in rats | ↓ The number of calcium oxalate deposits ↓ Urinary oxalate level |
[95] |
| Asparagus racemosus Willd. | Ethanolic extract of tuberous roots | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ The level of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and serum creatinine; ↑ Urinary concentration of magnesium | [96] |
| Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. | The hydro-methanolic extract of rhizomes | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Nucleation and aggregation of crystals ↓ The number and size of COM crystals |
[85] |
| Bergenia ligulata Engl. | Aqueous-methanolic extract of rhizome | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Calcium oxalate crystal deposition, and lithogenic signs ↑ Urinary magnesium |
[96] |
| Ethanolic extract of rhizome; bergenin | In vivo | EG+ aluminium chloride-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ MDA level, ↑ H2O2 scavenging ability ↑ SOD, Catalase (CAT) and GP levels |
[87] | |
| Bombax ceiba L. | Fruit aqueous and ethanol extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Urinary oxalate ↓ Stone forming constituents |
[97] |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. | Commercial herbal powder- gastric gavage | In vivo | EG-induced stones in rats | ↓ Deposition of calcium oxalate crystal | [98] |
| Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | N-butanol and ethyl acetate extract of root | In vivo | EG-induced calculus in rats | Preventing calcium oxalate deposition ↓ The size of crystals |
[99] |
| Helichrysum graveolens (M.Bieb.) Sweet and Helichrysum stoechas ssp. barellieri (Ten.) Nyman | Capitulum aqueous extract | In vivo | Sodium oxalate- induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Formation and growth of crystals ↓ Urine oxalate and uric acid levels, ↑ Citrate level |
[100] |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | Seeds ethanolic extract | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Stone forming constituents ↓ Lipid peroxidation ↑ SOD and CAT |
[101] |
| Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson | Methanolic extract of aerial parts | In vivo | EG-induced nephrolithiasis in rats | ↓ Urinary oxalate ↓ Calcium and oxalate in kidney; ↑ Urinary magnesium |
[102] |
| Hypericum perforatum L. | Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves | In vivo | EG+ ammonium chloride- induced stone in rats | ↓ The size and number of calcium oxalate deposits | [103] |
| Launaea procumbens L. | Methanolic extract of leaves | In vivo | EG-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Urinary calcium, oxalate and phosphate excretion ↓ Creatinine and uric acid |
[104] |
| Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. | Ethanolic extract of spore | In vivo | EG-induced kidney calculi in rats | ↓ Urinary calcium, oxalate and uric acid ↓ Kidney peroxides, and the number of oxalate deposits ↑ Urinary citrate levels |
[105] |
| Orthosiphon grandiflorus Bold. | Aqueous extract of leaves | In vivo | EG-induced stones in rats | ↓ Crystal deposits ↑ SOD and CAT |
[106] |
| Paronychia argentea Lam. | Butanolic extract of aerial parts | In vivo | Sodium oxalate-induced lithiasis in rats | ↓ Renal necrosis ↓ Serum creatinine and blood urea levels |
[107] |
| Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. | Whole-plant hydroalcoholic extract | In vivo | EG- induced kidney stone in rats | ↓ Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid levels | [108] |
| Quercus salicina Blume | Leaves aqueous extract | In vivo | EG and the vitamin D3 analog(α-calcidol)-induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ MDA and serum creatinine level ↓ Oxidative stress ↓ Calcium level in kidney |
[109] |
| Salvadora persica L. | Aqueous and alcoholic extract of the leaves | In vivo | EG- induced urolithiasis in rats | ↓ Urinary oxalate levels and deposition | [110] |
| Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. et Grev) Spring | Chloroform extract of the plant | In vivo | EG and ammonium chloride- induced urolithiasis in rats | ↑ Urinary flow rate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ↓ ROS and lipid-peroxidation ↓ Renal cortical organic anion transporter (OAT3) expression |
[111] |
| Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. | Extract | Clinical | Unblinded treatment to the patients (treatment group received potassium citrate + Agropyrum repens and control group recieved potassium citrate alone (100 mg/day for 5 month)) | ↓ Number and size of urinary stones ↓ Uric acid urinary secretion |
[112] |
| Phyllanthus niruri L. | Extract | Clinical | 150 patients received 1 to 3 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy sessions. After treatment 78 patients received extract and 72 were served as a control group (2 g/day for 3 month) | ↑ Stone-free rate (stone-free defined as the absence of any stone or residual fragments less than 3 mm) | [113] |
↑ demonstrates increasing trend; ↓ demonstrates deccreasing trend.