Table 3.

Major analytical methods and findings in BD-derived iPSCs.

Ref.	Major Methods	Major Findings in BD-derived iPSCs
[63]	Microarray, Ca2+ transients	Ventralization, increased expression of membrane bound receptors and ion channels, Li reduces wave altered length amplitude and Ca2+ transients
[64]	Morphology, Res-Imag	Cellular adhesion associates with clinical response to Li
[65]	NanoString, RNA-seq, WCPC	Impaired early NPCs proliferation that is normalized by GSK3β inhibitor, altered WNT/GSK3β signaling and ion channel expression in NPCs
[66]	RNA-seq, WCPC	Altered neuronal excitability, altered mitochondrial function and size, Li reduces hyperexcitability in LR donors and partly normalizes mitochondrial function
[67]	qRT-PCR, NanoString, reporter assays	Upregulation of miR-34a in NPC and neurons, reducing miR-34a expression enhances dendritic elaboration and maturation of NPCs
[68]	Microarray	Deregulation of receptor-mediated signaling. RNA metabolism, and protein trafficking in late neurons, upregulation of GAD1
[69]	WCPC	Neurons differ according to LR and NR, larger fast after-hyperpolarization
[70]	Proteomics	Li-response pathway in BD acts through GSK3β-dependent CRMP2 phosphorylation to alter dendrite and dendritic spine formation, Ca2+ fluxes and neuronal activity
[71]	RNA-seq, WCPC	Upregulation of immune-regulatory NLRP2, GABA- and dopamine signaling

CRMP2, collapsin response mediator protein-2; GAD, glutamate decarboxylase; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3; Li, lithium; LR, lithium responder; miR-34a, microRNA-34a; NanoString, digital expression profiling; NPC, neuronal progenitor cell; NR, lithium non-responder; NLRP2, NLR family pyrin domain containing 2; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcribed real-time polymerase reaction; Res-Imag, resonance imaging; RNA, ribonucleic acid; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; WCPC, whole cell patch clamp; WNT, Wingless-type MMTV integration site family.