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. 2018 Mar 16;19(3):888. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030888

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Preventive effects of hOCIF on bone-associated tumor growth in the bone microenvironment. (A) Mice were treated with hOCIF before tumor cell implantation (Pre group), after tumor cell implantation (Post group), and both before and after implantation (Whole group); (B) Quantitative analysis of PCNA positive cells at the TB- and TS-interfaces. Cell proliferation at the TB-interface evaluated by PCNA index was suppressed to the same extent in all three treatment groups; (C) Phospho ERK staining of the control group at the TB-interface (left, ×400) and hOCIF treatment group at the TB-interface (right, ×400); (D) Quantitative analysis of pERK positive tumor cells at the TB- and at the TS-interfaces. The index of pERK positive tumor cells was suppressed to the same extent in all three treatment groups; (E) Phospho NF-κB (pNFκB) positive tumor cells in the control at the TB-interface (left, ×400) and the hOCIF treatment group at the TB-interface (right, ×400); (F) Quantitative analysis of pNFκB positive tumor cells. The index of pNF-κB positive tumor cells was suppressed to the same extent in all three treatment groups. *** p < 0.001 vs. control.