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. 2018 Mar 16;19(3):888. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030888

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Preventive effects of hOCIF on cytokine levels, induction of necrosis, and CSCs in the microenvironments. hOCIF treatment did not affect the levels of TGFβ (A) or RANKL (B); (C) mOPG levels at the TB-interface were significantly increased in all three treatment groups; (D) The proportion of the necrotic area in the tumor was not changed in any of the three treatment groups. E: hOCIF did not affect the number of CD44 positive cells at the TB-interfaces. *, *** p < 0.05, p < 0.001 vs. control.