Table 2.
Baseline characteristics among participants in the VITAL CTSC Bone Health subcohort, according to sex and adjusted for age
| Variable | Men (n=411) |
Women (n= 360) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 63.28 (6.69) | 64.39 (5.37) | 0.012* |
| Age group, years | N= 411 | N= 360 | <0.001* |
| 50–54 | 12.90% | 0.00% | |
| 55–64 | 48.66% | 59.17% | |
| 65–74 | 33.57% | 35.8% | |
| 75+ | 4.87% | 5.00% | |
| Race/ethnicity | N= 403 | N= 352 | 0.39 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 81.38% | 87.11% | |
| African American | 10.85% | 5.59% | |
| Hispanic (not African American) | 3.78% | 2.80% | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.74% | 2.25% | |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0.55% | 0.83% | |
| Other/Unknown | 1.70% | 1.42% | |
| Education Level | N= 411 | N= 359 | 0.26 |
| Did not complete high school | 1.58% | 0.54% | |
| High school diploma or GED | 8.42% | 9.50% | |
| Attended or graduated from college | 36.64% | 41.48% | |
| Post-college | 53.36% | 48.48% | |
| Income | N= 361 | N= 309 | 0.022 |
| <$15,000 | 5.08% | 4.54% | |
| $15,000–49,999 | 16.64% | 20.85% | |
| $50.000–89.999 | 24.29% | 31.96% | |
| $90,000–120,000 | 18.93% | 19.34% | |
| >$120,000 | 35.07% | 23.31% | |
| Bone characteristics | |||
| Whole Body, mean (SE) | |||
| BMD, g/cm2 | 1.22 (0.01) | 1.07 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| T-score | 0.10 (0.06) | −0.56 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Z-score | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.23 (0.05) | <0.001 |
| Spine, mean (SE) | |||
| BMD, g/cm2 | 1.08 (0.01) | 0.96 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| T-score | −0.21 (0.07) | −0.81 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Z-score | 0.51 (0.07) | 0.85 (0.08) | 0.001 |
| Total Hip, mean (SE) | |||
| BMD, g/cm2 | 1.00 (0.01) | 0.85 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| T-score | −0.32 (0.04) | −0.77 (0.05) | <0.001 |
| Z-score | 0.26 (0.04) | 0.38 (0.05) | 0.06 |
| Femoral Neck, mean (SE) | |||
| BMD, g/cm2 | 0.82 (0.01) | 0.72 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| T-score | −0.95 (0.04) | −1.25 (0.05) | <0.001 |
| Z-score | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.14 |
| TBS, mean (SE) | 1.34 (0.00) | 1.31 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| TBS group [52, 53] | N= 369 | N= 303 | <0.001 |
| ≥1.350 | 46.34% | 30.86% | |
| 1.200< >1.350 | 43.83% | 58.85% | |
| ≤1.200 | 9.84% | 10.29% | |
| Hip FRAX, median (interquartile range) | 1.04 (0.65 – 1.52) | 1.20 (0.79 – 1.61) | 0.23 |
| MOF FRAX, mean (SE) | 6.55 (0.22) | 10.03 (0.22) | <0.001 |
| FRAX group | N= 207 | N= 211 | 0.67 |
| Hip FRAX ≥3% and/or MOF FRAX ≥20% | 9.26% | 10.23% | |
| Hip FRAX < 3%, and MOF FRAX < 20% | 90.74% | 89.77% | |
| Body Composition | |||
| Anthropometric measurements, mean (SE) | |||
| Height, in | 69.26 (0.13) | 63.89 (0.14) | <0.001 |
| Weight, lb | 194.13 (1.68) | 163.56 (1.80) | <0.001 |
| Waist, cm | 102.86 (0.72) | 93.71 (0.77) | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SE), kg/m2 | 28.43 (0.25) | 28.17 (0.27) | 0.50 |
| BMI group, kg/m2 | N= 411 | N= 360 | <0.001 |
| <18.5 | 0.13% | 0.83% | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 20.38% | 33.51% | |
| 25–29.9 | 53.06% | 32.32% | |
| 30–34.9 | 18.46% | 20.55% | |
| 35+ | 7.96% | 12.79% | |
| Body Fat Percentage, mean (SE) | 31.12 (0.31) | 42.38 (0.33) | <0.001 |
| FMI, mean (SE), kg/m2 | 8.79 (0.18) | 11.98 (0.19) | <0.001 |
| LMI, mean (SE), kg/m2 | 17.92 (0.09) | 14.76 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| Fat Mass/Lean Mass Ratio, mean (SE) | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.80 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| VAT area, mean (SE), cm2 | 178.21 (3.56) | 151.15 (3.82) | <0.001 |
| Trunk/limb fat percent ratio, mean (SE) | 1.17 (0.01) | 0.91 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Trunk/limb mass ratio, mean (SE) | 1.39 (0.01) | 1.03 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Trunk Fat Mass, mean (SE), kg | 15.04 (0.29) | 15.50 (0.31) | 0.28 |
| ALM, mean (SE), kg | 24.20 (0.15) | 15.83 (0.16) | <0.001 |
| ALMI, mean (SE), kg/m2 | 7.81 (0.04) | 6.00 (0.05) | <0.001 |
| ALM/BMI, mean (SE) | 0.86 (0.01) | 0.57 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Physical Performance | |||
| Standing Balance Test Time, median (interquartile range), s | 30.00 (30.00 – 30.00) | 30.00 (30.00 – 30.00) | 0.12 |
| Normal Walking Speed, mean (SE), m/s | 1.23 (0.01) | 1.24 (0.01) | 0.32 |
| Fast Walk Speed, mean (SE), m/s | 1.85 (0.01) | 1.75 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Chair Stand Test, mean (SE), s | 10.19 (0.12) | 9.86 (0.13) | 0.059 |
| SPPB Score, median (interquartile range) | 12.00 (11.00 – 12.00) | 12.00 (11.54 – 12.00) | 0.26 |
| TUG, mean (SE), s | 8.23 (0.07) | 7.88 (0.07) | <0.001 |
| Health History | |||
| Hypertension History | N= 409 | N= 355 | 0.006 |
| Yes | 50.43% | 41.46% | |
| Ever use of anti-hypertensive medication | N= 410 | N= 358 | 0.010 |
| Yes | 47.93% | 39.74% | |
| Current use of cholesterol-lowering medication | N= 406 | N= 357 | 0.015 |
| Yes | 38.37% | 30.50% | |
| Diabetes | N= 407 | N= 356 | 0.026 |
| Yes | 12.41% | 7.61% | |
| Current use of anti-diabetic medication | N= 411 | N= 360 | 0.10 |
| Yes | 9.25% | 6.12% | |
| Parental history of hip fracture | N= 373 | N= 331 | 0.006 |
| Yes | 9.90% | 17.56% | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | N= 404 | N= 355 | 0.65 |
| Yes | 1.83% | 2.48% | |
| History of fragility fracture | N= 360 | N= 295 | 0.003 |
| Yes | 5.30% | 12.06% | |
| Current use of SSRIs | N= 403 | N= 356 | 0.052 |
| Yes | 6.18% | 10.04% | |
| Number of falls in the last year | N= 251 | N= 232 | 0.24 |
| None | 79.07% | 71.07% | |
| One | 16.95% | 21.63% | |
| Two | 2.48% | 3.83% | |
| Three | 1.50% | 3.46% | |
| Behavioral Characteristics | |||
| Smoking | N= 407 | N= 359 | 0.66 |
| Never | 49.00% | 50.81% | |
| Past | 45.18% | 43.38% | |
| Current | 5.83% | 5.80% | |
| Leisure-time physical activity and stair climbing, total MET-hours/week, median (interquartile range) | 22.15 (8.73 – 39.14) | 19.74 (7.75 – 34.56) | 0.47 |
| Alcohol use | N= 380 | N= 345 | <0.001 |
| Never | 18.66% | 20.54% | |
| Rarely to <weekly | 3.64% | 10.37% | |
| 1–6/week | 38.47% | 43.08% | |
| Daily | 39.22% | 26.00% | |
| Current use of multivitamins | N= 383 | N= 345 | 0.007 |
| Yes | 48.20% | 38.86% | |
| Current use of supplemental Vitamin D (total ≤800IU/d) | N= 411 | N= 360 | 0.90 |
| Yes | 42.09% | 43.31% | |
| Current use of supplemental calcium (total ≤1200 mg/d) | N= 411 | N= 360 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 14.43% | 34.29% | |
| Intake of foods related to vitamin D and/or omega-3 fatty acids, median (interquartile range) | |||
| Milk, servings/day | 0.43 (0.07 – 1.00) | 0.46 (0.10 – 1.00) | 0.049 |
| Other vitamin D-fortified foods, servings/week | 0.46 (0.09 – 1.00) | 0.56 (0.20 – 1.05) | <0.001 |
| Dark-meat fish, servings/week | 0.93 (0.47 – 1.47) | 0.93 (0.47 – 1.11) | 0.071 |
| Other fish and seafood, servings/week | 0.96 (0.47 – 1.47) | 0.93 (0.47 – 1.47) | 0.25 |
*
age and age-group p-value presented in Table 2 is unadjusted
Abbreviations: ALM, appendicular lean mass; ALMI, appendicular lean mass index; ALM/BMI, appendicular lean mass to body mass index ratio; BMD, bone mineral density; CTSC, Clinical and Translational Science Center; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; FAs, fatty acids; FMI, fat mass index; FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; HR-pQCT, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography; LMI, lean mass index; LSC, least significant change; MET, metabolic equivalent; MOF, major osteoporotic fracture; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; pQCT, peripheral quantitative computed tomography; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; SPPB, short physical performance battery; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TBS, trabecular bone score; TUG, timed up and go; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; VITAL, VITamin D and OmegA-3 Trial.