Fig. 3.

5 types of bioassays developed to evaluate anti-viral activity of the siddha formulations. a Preincubation of siddha formulations with Chikungunya virus: Brahmanandha bairavam mathirai and Vishnu chakram were found to have inhibit CHIKV entry into the susceptible cells and may affect post entry replication steps at concentrations range of 0.0625 and 0.5 mg/ml. b Effect of treatment with siddha formulations on CHIKV infected cells. The results showed that none of the formulations could inhibit CHIKV entry into the host cells. c Prophylaxis effect of siddha formulations before CHIKV infections. The results depicted that none of the formulations showed any protective effect against CHIKV infections. d Anti-entry effect of siddha formulations upon CHIKV infections: Brahmanandha Bairavam Mathirai and Vishnu chakram could prevent entry of CHIKV into the cells/adsorption of CHIKV onto the cells. e Anti-penetration effect of siddha formulations upon CHIKV infections: None of the formulations prevented penetration of CHIKV into the cells